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| − | [[Image:Joseph Smith receiving golden plates.jpg|225px|thumb|An 1893 engraving depicting [[Joseph Smith]]'s description of receiving artifacts from the [[angel Moroni]]. The artifacts include the golden plates and a set of spectacles made of [[seer stone (Latter Day Saints)|seer stones]], which Smith called the ''[[Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)|Urim and Thummim]]''. The [[sword of Laban]] and an ancient breastplate are shown nearby.]] | + | {{Main Page}} |
| | + | {{H1 |
| | + | |L=Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates |
| | + | |H=An analysis of Wikipedia article "Golden plates" |
| | + | |T="Golden plates" |
| | + | |A=Various |
| | + | |<=[[../Joseph Smith, Jr.|Joseph Smith, Jr.]] |
| | + | |>=[[../Three Witnesses|Three Witnesses]] |
| | + | }} |
| | + | <!-- INSERT CHART HERE --> |
| | + | <onlyinclude> |
| | + | {{H2 |
| | + | |L=Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates |
| | + | |H=An analysis of claims made in Wikipedia article "Golden plates" |
| | + | |S= |
| | + | |L1=An analysis of claims made in the Wikipedia article "Golden plates" - Introduction |
| | + | |L2=An analysis of claims made in the Wikipedia article "Golden plates" - Origin and historicity |
| | + | |L3=An analysis of claims made in the Wikipedia article "Golden plates" - Story |
| | + | |L4=An analysis of claims made in the Wikipedia article "Golden plates" - Background |
| | + | |L5=An analysis of claims made in the Wikipedia article "Golden plates" - Finding the plates |
| | + | }} |
| | + | </onlyinclude> |
| | + | ==={{WikipediaUpdate|9/21/2011}}=== |
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| − | According to the theology of [[Latter Day Saint movement]] churches, the '''golden plates''' (also called the '''''gold plates''''' or in some 19th century literature, the '''''golden Bible''''')<!--
| + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Introduction}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Origin and historicity}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Story}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Background}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Finding}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Unsuccessful retrieval}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Receiving}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Translating}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Location}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Returning the plates}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Witness accounts}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Format}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Composition and weight}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Sealed portion}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Claimed engravings}} |
| | + | {{:Mormonism and Wikipedia/Golden plates/Significance}} |
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>Use of the terms ''golden bible'' and ''gold Bible'' by both believers and non-believers dates from the late 1820s. See, for instance, {{Harvtxt|Harris|1859|p=167}} (use of the term ''gold Bible'' by [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)|Martin Harris]] in 1827); {{Harvtxt|Smith|1853|pp=102, 109, 113, 145}} (use of the term ''gold Bible'' in 1827–29 by believing Palmyra neighbors); {{Harvtxt|Grandin|1829}} (stating that by 1829 the plates were "generally known and spoken of as the 'Golden Bible'"). Use of these terms has been rare, especially by believers, since the 1830s.</ref><!--
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| − | --> are a book of bound and engraved metal plates that [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] said was his source for the [[Book of Mormon]]. [[Book of Mormon witnesses|Some followers]] and relatives of Smith testified that they saw the plates, and Smith said he returned them to an angel after translating them. Therefore, if they existed, they are not available for researchers to examine. Although most outside of the Latter Day Saint movement dismiss Joseph Smith's story of the golden plates as "beyond belief,"<!-- | + | {{To_learn_more_box:anti-Mormon_literature_and_Wikipedia}} |
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref name="harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=58">{{harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=58}}.</ref><!--
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| − | --> to [[Latter Day Saints]] their existence is a matter of faith.
| + | {{Endnotes sources}} |
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| − | Joseph Smith said he was guided to the plates on September 22, 1823 on [[Cumorah|Cumorah Hill]], [[Manchester (town), New York|Manchester]], [[New York]], in a buried box. Smith said they had been protected there for centuries by the [[angel Moroni]], once a mortal prophet and the book's final author, and the one who guided him to the plates. According to Smith, the angel told him he could not take possession of the plates until he obeyed certain commandments, which included making four annual visits to the spot.
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| − | Smith's 1827 announcement that he had uncovered an ancient golden book brought him local notoriety. The curious came to see the wooden chest where they were told the plates were stored; but Smith said that the angel had commanded him not to show the plates to anyone else until a later date. After moving near his wife's parents in northern [[Pennsylvania]], Smith dictated to scribes what he said was an English translation of the inscribed characters on the plates, a language he described as [[reformed Egyptian]]. This reputed translating took place sporadically between 1827 and 1829 and consisted, according to most accounts, of Smith's looking into a hat containing a [[seer stone (Latter Day Saints)|"seer stone"]] in which he said he could see the translated words and characters.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>Although Smith's use of a single stone is well documented {{Harv|Wagoner|1982|pp=59–62}}, one of his own accounts states that with the plates he found a set of stone spectacles called the [[Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)|Urim and Thummim]], which he used to make the translation {{Harv|Smith|Mulholland|Thompson|Phelps|1838a|p=5}}. He said the angel also commanded him not to show the Urim and Thummim to others (id.). Other than Smith himself, [[Lucy Mack Smith|his mother]] was the sole known witness of the Urim and Thummim, which she said she had observed them when covered by a thin cloth {{harv|Smith|1853|p=101}}.</ref>
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| − | During this period, Smith also began dictating [[Doctrine and Covenants|written commandments]] in the voice of God, including a commandment to form a new church and to choose [[Book of Mormon witnesses|eleven men]] who would join Smith as witnesses. These men declared, in two statements attached to the 1830 published Book of Mormon, that they had seen the plates.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>Two separate statements were later incorporated into printed editions of the Book of Mormon.</ref><!--
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| − | --> Some of these witnesses gave descriptions of the plates, not entirely consistent with one another. According to Smith, he then returned the plates to the angel Moroni. Many adherents of the faith believe that Moroni retains them or that they are hidden in the hill Cumorah.
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| − | The golden plates are the most significant of a number of metallic plates important in Latter Day Saint history and theology, many of which are mentioned in the Book of Mormon. Although the Book of Mormon is generally accepted by adherents as a sacred text, not all Latter Day Saints view the plates as an ancient, physical artifact engraved by ancient prophets.
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| − | ==Origin and historicity==
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| − | {{seealso|Origin of the Book of Mormon|Historicity of the Book of Mormon}}
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| − | In the words of LDS historian [[Richard Bushman]], "For most modern readers, the [golden] plates are beyond belief, a phantasm, yet the Mormon sources accept them as fact."<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref name="harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=58"/><!--
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| − | --> Because Joseph Smith said he returned the plates to [[angel Moroni|an angel]] after he finished translating them, their authenticity—if they ever existed—cannot be determined by direct physical examination. Most believing Mormons believe in the golden plates as a matter of faith.
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| − | Nevertheless, the golden plates were allegedly shown to [[Book of Mormon witnesses|several close associates]] of Joseph Smith,<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>Only close associates of Joseph Smith were allowed to become official witnesses to the plates; he invited no strangers, or women, to view them. These witnesses, first a group of three, Martin Harris, Oliver Cowdery, and David Whitmer, and then a group of eight—five members of the Whitmer family, Joseph Smith's father, and two of his brothers, Hyrum and Samuel—all said they "saw and hefted" the plates. See Jan Shipps, "Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition," University of Illinois Press, pp. 23.</ref><!--
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| − | --> and the [[Book of Mormon]] exists as its reputed translation. Thus, Mormon apologists and Mormon critics can debate indirect evidence only: they may ask whether the [[Book of Mormon]] narrative is consistent with science and history and whether its witnesses are credible.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>See generally {{Harvtxt|Metcalfe|1993}}, which outlines the main arguments for and against Book of Mormon authenticity.</ref><!--
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| − | --> Although not the basis of their faith, many Mormons take this research seriously. Mormon scholars have formed collaborations such as [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies]] to provide [[apologetics|apologetic]] answers to critical research about the golden plates and topics in the field of Mormon studies. Among these topics, the credibility of the plates has been, according to Bushman, a "troublesome item."<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>"The Mormon sources constantly refer to the single most troublesome item in Joseph Smith's history, the gold plates on which the Book of Mormon was said to be written. For most modern readers, the plates are beyond belief, a phantasm, yet the Mormon sources accept them as fact." {{harvtxt|Bushman|2005}p=58}}. Richard N. Ostling and Joan K. Ostling, ''Mormon America: The Power and the Promise (HarperSanFrancisco, 1999)'' begin a chapter called "The Gold Bible" (259-277) with a question posed by liberal Mormon Brigham D. Madsen, "'Were there really gold plates and ministering angels, or was there just Joseph Smith seated at a table with his face in a hat dictating to a scribe a fictional account of the ancient inhabitants of the Americas?' Resolving that problem haunts loyal Mormons." (259)</ref>
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| − | [[Image:caractors large.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A reputed transcript of [[reformed Egyptian]] characters, which Smith said were copied from the golden plates in 1828. The characters are not linked to any known language.]]
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| − | The [[Book of Mormon]] itself portrays the golden plates as a historical record, engraved by two [[pre-Columbian]] prophet-historians from around the year AD 400: [[Mormon (prophet)|Mormon]] and his son [[Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)|Moroni]]. Mormon and Moroni, the book says, had abridged earlier historical records from other sets of metal plates. Their script, according to the book, was called "[[reformed Egyptian]]," a language unknown to linguists or Egyptologists.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt|Smith|1830|p=538}}. Standard language references such as {{Harvtxt|Daniels|Bright|1996}}; {{Harvtxt|Crystal|1997}}; and {{Harvtxt|Woodard|2004}} contain no reference to "reformed Egyptian". "Reformed Egyptian" is also not discussed in {{Harvtxt|Robinson|2002}}, although it is mentioned in {{harvtxt|Williams|1991}}.</ref><!--
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| − | --> According to the book, the language began as [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]],<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|book=1 Nephi|chapter=1|verse=2}}.</ref><!--
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| − | --> then was altered based on speech patterns.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|book=Mormon|chapter=9|verse=32-34}} ("altered...according to our manner of speech").</ref><!--
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| − | --> Historically, [[Latter Day Saint movement]] denominations have taught that the Book of Mormon's description of the plates' origin is accurate, and that the Book of Mormon is a translation of the plates.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>Book of Mormon (LDS edition), Introduction (expressing the LDS view that the Book of Mormon "is a record of God's dealings with the ancient inhabitants of the Americas", and that the book is a translation of the golden plates "into the English language".)</ref><!--
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| − | --> The [[Community of Christ]], however, while accepting the Book of Mormon as scripture, no longer takes an official position on the historicity of the golden plates.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>McMurray, W. Grant, "They "Shall Blossom as the Rose": Native Americans and the Dream of Zion," an address delivered February 17, 2001, accessed on Community of Christ website, September 1, 2006 at http://web.archive.org/web/20070817021355/http://cofchrist.org/docs/NativeAmericanConference/keynote.asp ("The proper use of the Book of Mormon as sacred scripture has been under wide discussion in the 1970s and beyond, in part because of long-standing questions about its historicity and in part because of perceived theological inadequacies, including matters of race and ethnicity."). At the 2007 Community of Christ World Conference, President Stephen M. Veazey ruled a resolution to "reaffirm the Book of Mormon as a divinely inspired record" out of order. In so doing he stated that "while the Church affirms the Book of Mormon as scripture, and makes it available for study and use in various languages, we do not attempt to mandate the degree of belief or use. This position is in keeping with our longstanding tradition that belief in the Book of Mormon is not to be used as a test of fellowship or membership in the church." Andrew M. Shields, "Official Minutes of Business Session, Wednesday March 28, 2007," in 2007 World Conference Thursday Bulletin, March 29, 2007. Community of Christ, 2007.</ref><!--
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| − | --> Moreover, even in the more theologically conservative [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS Church]], some adherents who accept the Book of Mormon as inspired scripture do not believe it is a literal translation of a physical historical record.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>"In the early 20th century, [[B. H. Roberts]], historian for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), entertained the notion that Joseph Smith was capable of producing the Book of Mormon himself. In 1999, Richard N. Ostling, a religion journalist, wrote that within "the loyal Mormon community, there is a moderate intellectual group that believes the Book of Mormon does have ancient roots but, as part of the process of revelation properly understood, is expressed through nineteenth-century thought processes....an ancient text mediated through the mind of Joseph Smith" (Osling 1999, 264).</ref>
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| − | Non-believers and some liberal Mormons have advanced naturalistic explanations for the story of the plates. For example, it has been theorized that the plates were fashioned by Joseph Smith or one of his associates,<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt|Vogel|2004|pp=98, 600 note 65}} (suggesting the plates were made of common tin). To former Mormon Dan Vogel, "construction of such a book would have been relatively easy. There were scraps of tin available on the Smith property and elsewhere in the vicinity, and during the several hours Joseph was separated from Emma the night they went to the hill and on other occasions, he could have easily set up shop in the cave on the other side of the hill or in some corner of the forest. Using a pair of metal shears, it would have been easy to cut a number of 6 x 8 sheets....A book made of tin plates of the dimensions ( 6 x 8 x 6 inches) described by Smith would have weighed between fifty and sixty pounds, corresponding to the weight that was mentioned by eye-witness accounts."</ref><!--
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| − | --> that Joseph Smith had the ability to convince others of their existence through [[magic (illusion)|illusions]] or [[hypnosis]],<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt|Riley|1903|p=211}} (proposing the theory that Smith hypnotized his followers in a way that suggested to them that they had seen the plates).</ref><!--
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| − |
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| − | --> or that the plates were [[mysticism|mystical]] and should be understood in the context of Smith's historical era, when [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] was an accepted part of reality.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt|Metcalfe|1993|p=178}}.</ref><!--
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| − | --> These theories are explored in the article ''[[Origin of the Book of Mormon]]''. Scholarly examinations of the plates' historicity are discussed in the article ''[[Historicity of the Book of Mormon]]''.
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| − | ==Story of the golden plates==
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| − | The story of the golden plates consists of how, according to [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] and his contemporaries, the plates were found, received from the [[angel Moroni]], translated, and returned to the angel prior to the publication of the [[Book of Mormon]]. Joseph Smith is the only source for a great deal of the story because much of it occurred at times when he was the only human witness. Nevertheless, Smith told the story to his family, friends, and acquaintances; and many of these provided second-hand accounts. Other parts of the story are derived from the statements of those who knew Smith, including [[Book of Mormon witnesses|several witnesses]] who said they saw the golden plates.
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| − | The best known elements of the golden plates story are found in a version told by Smith in 1838 and incorporated into the official church histories of some [[Latter Day Saint movement]] denominations.<!--
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| − | FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt|Smith|1838a}};{{harvtxt|Roberts|1902|loc=ch.1-6}} (official history of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]); RLDS History of the Church, vol. 1, ch. 1-2 (official history of the [[Community of Christ]]).</ref><!--
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| − | --> [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|The LDS Church]] has [[Biblical canon|canonized]] part of this 1838 account as part of its [[religious text|scripture]], [[Pearl of Great Price (Latter Day Saints)|The Pearl of Great Price]].
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| − | *[[/Background|Background]]
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| − | *[[/Finding|Finding the plates]]
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| − | *[[/Unsuccessful retrieval|Unsuccessful retrieval attempts]]
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| − | *[[/Receiving|Receiving the plates]]
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| − | *[[/Translating|Translating the plates]]
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| − | *[[/Location|Reputed location of the plates during translation]]
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| − | *[[/Returning the plates|Returning the plates]]
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| − | ==Descriptions of the plates==
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| − | *[[/Witness accounts|Witness accounts]]
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| − | *[[/Format|Described format, binding, and dimensions]]
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| − | *[[/Composition and weight|Described composition and weight]]
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| − | *[[/Sealed portion|"Sealed portion"]]
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| − | *[[/Claimed engravings|Claimed engravings]]
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| − | *[[/Significance|The significance of the golden plates in the Latter Day Saint tradition]]
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| − | | |
| − | ==Notes==
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| − | {{Reflist|3}}
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| − | | |
| − | ==References==
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| − | <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;" >
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| − | | |
| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Anthon
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| − | | first=Charles
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| − | | author-link=Charles Anthon
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| − | | chapter=Letter to Eber Dudley Howe
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| − | | date=February 17, 1834
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| − | | chapter-url = http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs/1834howf.htm#pg270
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| − | | editor-last=Howe
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| − | | editor-first=Eber Dudley
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| − | | editor-link=Eber Dudley Howe
| |
| − | | title=[[Mormonism Unvailed: or, A Faithful Account of That Singular Imposition and Delusion, from Its Rise to the Present Time]]
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| − | | place=[[Painesville, Ohio]]
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| − | | publisher=Telegraph Press
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| − | | publication-year=1834
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| − | | pages=270–72
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| − | | url=http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs/1834howb.htm
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| − | }}.
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| − | | last=Bennett
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| − | | journal=[[The New York Herald]]
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| − | | date=June 25, 1893
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| − | | url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/NY/NYherld2.htm#062593
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| − | }}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Bennett
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| − | | first=James Gordon, Sr.
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| − | | author-link=James Gordon Bennett, Sr.
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| − | | year=1831
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| − | | editor-last=Arrington
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| − | | editor-first=Leonard J.
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| − | | editor-link=Leonard J. Arrington
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| − | | title=James Gordon Bennett's 1831 Report on 'The Mormonites'
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| − | | journal=[[BYU Studies]]
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| − | | volume=10
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| − | | issue=3
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| − | | pages=353–64 (1–10 in reprint)
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| − | | url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/10.3Arrington.pdf
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| − | |format=PDF}}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Benton
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| − | | first=Abram W.
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| − | | contribution=Reminiscence
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| − | | date=March 1831
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| − | | page=97
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| − | | editor-last=Vogel
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| − | | editor-first=Dan
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| − | | editor-link=Dan Vogel
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| − | | title=Early Mormon Documents
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| − | | volume=4
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| − | | publication-place=Salt Lake City
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| − | | publisher=[[Signature Books]]
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| − | | publication-year=2002
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| − | | isbn=1-56085-159-2
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| − | }}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Bidamon
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| − | | first=Emma Smith
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| − | | author-link=Emma Hale Smith
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| − | | chapter=Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
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| − | | date=March 27, 1876
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| − | | editor-surname=Vogel
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| − | | editor-first=Dan
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| − | | editor-link=Dan Vogel
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| − | | title=Early Mormon Documents
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| − | | volume=1
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| − | | publisher=[[Signature Books]]
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| − | | publication-year=1996
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| − | | isbn=1-56085-072-8
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| − | }}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Burnett
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| − | | first=David S.
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| − | | title=Something New.—Golden Bible
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| − | | newspaper=Evangelical Inquirer
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| − | | volume=1
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| − | | issue=10
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| − | | date=March 7, 1831
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| − | | url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/OH/miscohio.htm#030731
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| − | }}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Burnett
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| − | | first=Stephen
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| − | | contribution=Letter to Luke S. Johnson
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| − | | date=15 April 1838
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| − | | year=1838
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| − | | pages=290–92
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| − | | editor-last=Vogel
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| − | | editor-first=Dan
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| − | | editor-link=Dan Vogel
| |
| − | | title=Early Mormon Documents
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| − | | volume=2
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| − | | publication-place=Salt Lake City
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| − | | publisher=Signature Books
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| − | | publication-year=1999
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| − | }}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Bushman
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| − | | first=Richard Lyman
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| − | | author-link=Richard Bushman
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| − | | title=[[Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling]]
| |
| − | | year=2005
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| − | | place=New York
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| − | | publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]]
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| − | | isbn=1400042704
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| − | }}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Chase
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| − | | first=Willard
| |
| − | | chapter=Testimony of Willard Chase
| |
| − | | year=1833
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| − | | chapter-url=http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs/1834howf.htm#pg240b
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| − | | editor-last=Howe
| |
| − | | editor-first=Eber Dudley
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| − | | editor-link=Eber Dudley Howe
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| − | | title=[[Mormonism Unvailed]]
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| − | | place=[[Painesville, Ohio]]
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| − | | publisher=Telegraph Press
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| − | | publication-year=1834
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| − | | pages=240–48
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| − | | url=http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs/1834howb.htm
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| − | }}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Clark
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| − | | first=John A.
| |
| − | | year=1842
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| − | | title=Gleanings by the Way
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| − | | place=Philadelphia
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| − | | publisher=W.J. & J.K. Simmon
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| − | | url = http://solomonspalding.com/docs1/1842ClkB.htm
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| − | }}.
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| − | *{{Citation
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| − | | last=Cobb
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| − | | first=James T.
| |
| − | | title=The Hill Cumorah, And The ''Book Of Mormon''. The Smith Family, Cowdery, Harris, and Other Old Neighbors—What They Know
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| − | | journal=[[The Saints' Herald]]
| |
| − | | volume=28
| |
| − | | issue=11
| |
| − | | date=June 1, 1881
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| − | | page=167
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| − | | url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#060181
| |
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| − | </div>
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