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| − | + | {{Resource Title|Are plants mentioned in the Book of Mormon that are not found in the New World?}} | |
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| + | {{Criticism label}} | ||
| − | + | Some claim that plants mentioned in the Book of Mormon are not found in the New World, and are thus evidence that Joseph fabricated the text based upon his own cultural background. | |
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| − | == | + | {{CriticalSources}} |
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| + | {{Conclusion label}} | ||
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| + | None of the Book of Mormon's plant species causes a problem — Spanish conquerors described pre-Columbian products in exactly the terms used by the Book of Mormon. Barley, silkworms, and grapes were known. One of the terms unknown to Joseph's day (the Akkadian ''sheum'') is impressive evidence for the Book of Mormon's antiquity. | ||
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| + | == == | ||
| + | {{Response label}} | ||
===Barley=== | ===Barley=== | ||
| Línea 20: | Línea 20: | ||
Barley in the New World was long a source of anti-Mormon amusement, with one author insisting, "barley never grew in the New World before the white man brought it here!" [Scott, 82.] | Barley in the New World was long a source of anti-Mormon amusement, with one author insisting, "barley never grew in the New World before the white man brought it here!" [Scott, 82.] | ||
| − | + | However, this is simply false. Pre-Columbian New World barley was first reported in the scientific literature in 1983.{{ref|sorensmith}} | |
===Linen=== | ===Linen=== | ||
''(i.e. flax)'' | ''(i.e. flax)'' | ||
| − | :[The Spaniards] encountered and referred to what they considered "linen" or | + | :[The Spaniards] encountered and referred to what they considered "linen" or linen-like cloth made from plants other than flax.{{ref|soren1}} |
*Bernal Diaz, who served with Cortez in the initial wave of conquest, described native Mexican garments made of "henequen which is like linen." The fiber of the maguey plant, from which henequen was manufactured, closely resembles the flax fiber used to make European linen | *Bernal Diaz, who served with Cortez in the initial wave of conquest, described native Mexican garments made of "henequen which is like linen." The fiber of the maguey plant, from which henequen was manufactured, closely resembles the flax fiber used to make European linen | ||
| − | *yucca plant | + | *yucca plant fibers makes linen-like cloth |
| − | * ixtle (agave) plant | + | * ixtle (agave) plant fiber makes linen-like cloth |
* fig tree bark can be stripped, soaked, and pounded for a cloth with "some of the characteristics of linen."{{ref|soren2}} {{ref|soren3}} | * fig tree bark can be stripped, soaked, and pounded for a cloth with "some of the characteristics of linen."{{ref|soren2}} {{ref|soren3}} | ||
| Línea 41: | Línea 41: | ||
We do not know to which crop this name was applied, but it is certainly not out of place in an ancient context (See [http://scriptures.lds.org/mosiah/9/9#9 Mosiah 9:9]). Critics must explain how Joseph Smith chose this word, since Akkadian was not translated until 27 years after the publication of the Book of Mormon.{{ref|roper1}} | We do not know to which crop this name was applied, but it is certainly not out of place in an ancient context (See [http://scriptures.lds.org/mosiah/9/9#9 Mosiah 9:9]). Critics must explain how Joseph Smith chose this word, since Akkadian was not translated until 27 years after the publication of the Book of Mormon.{{ref|roper1}} | ||
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| + | For a discussion on this name between believers and non-believers, see [http://www.mormonapologetics.org/index.php?showtopic=13389&hl=frozen%20form&st=0 here]. | ||
===Silk=== | ===Silk=== | ||
| Línea 49: | Línea 51: | ||
However, there are several examples of silk or silk-like fabric in pre-Columbian America: | However, there are several examples of silk or silk-like fabric in pre-Columbian America: | ||
| − | * wild silkworms do exist, and some commentators insisted that the Amerindians spun and wove it from their | + | * wild silkworms do exist, and some commentators insisted that the Amerindians spun and wove it from their cocoons |
* hair from rabbit bellies was also spun into a cloth dubbed "silk" by the Spanish conquerors | * hair from rabbit bellies was also spun into a cloth dubbed "silk" by the Spanish conquerors | ||
* floss from the ceiba (silk-cotton) tree was made into a "soft delicate cloth," ''kapok''. | * floss from the ceiba (silk-cotton) tree was made into a "soft delicate cloth," ''kapok''. | ||
| − | * | + | * fibers from the wild pineapple were also prized for their ability to be woven into a fine, durable fabric |
* cotton cloth in Mexico from A.D. 400 is "even, very fine, and gossamer-thin."{{ref|soren5}}{{ref|soren6}} | * cotton cloth in Mexico from A.D. 400 is "even, very fine, and gossamer-thin."{{ref|soren5}}{{ref|soren6}} | ||
| Línea 60: | Línea 62: | ||
So, there ''were'' grapes locally, as well as several other plant species which produced alcoholic drinks which the Spanish were quite happy to consider 'wine.' | So, there ''were'' grapes locally, as well as several other plant species which produced alcoholic drinks which the Spanish were quite happy to consider 'wine.' | ||
| − | == | + | ==Video== |
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| − | ==Endnotes== | + | =={{Endnotes label}}== |
# {{note|sorensmith}} {{reexploring|author=John L. Sorenson and Robert F. Smith|article=Barley in Ancient America|start=130|end=132}} | # {{note|sorensmith}} {{reexploring|author=John L. Sorenson and Robert F. Smith|article=Barley in Ancient America|start=130|end=132}} | ||
# {{note|soren1}} John L. Sorenson, "Plants and Animals," in {{FR-6-1-10}} | # {{note|soren1}} John L. Sorenson, "Plants and Animals," in {{FR-6-1-10}} | ||
| − | # {{note|soren2}} {{Aas1|start=232}}{{GL1|url=http://gospelink.com/library/ | + | # {{note|soren2}} {{Aas1|start=232}}{{GL1|url=http://gospelink.com/library/contents/680}} |
| − | # {{note|soren3}} {{Ensign1|author=John L. Sorenson|article=Silk and Linen in the Book of Mormon - Book of Mormon Update|date=April 1992|start=62}} {{link|url=http:// | + | # {{note|soren3}} {{Ensign1|author=John L. Sorenson|article=Silk and Linen in the Book of Mormon - Book of Mormon Update|date=April 1992|start=62}} {{link|url=http://www.lds.org/ensign/1992/04/research-and-perspectives-book-of-mormon-update?lang=eng}} |
# {{note|soren4}} Sorenson, "Zaputo," 338; citing Robert F. Smith, "Some 'Neologisms' from the Mormon Canon," Conference on the Language of the Mormons 1973, Brigham Young University Language Research Center, 1973, 66.]{{link|url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=142}} | # {{note|soren4}} Sorenson, "Zaputo," 338; citing Robert F. Smith, "Some 'Neologisms' from the Mormon Canon," Conference on the Language of the Mormons 1973, Brigham Young University Language Research Center, 1973, 66.]{{link|url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=142}} | ||
# {{note|roper1}} Matt Roper, "Right on Target: Boomerang Hits and the Book of Mormon," FAIR Presentation, 2001. {{fairlink|url=http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/conf/2001RopM.html}} | # {{note|roper1}} Matt Roper, "Right on Target: Boomerang Hits and the Book of Mormon," FAIR Presentation, 2001. {{fairlink|url=http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/conf/2001RopM.html}} | ||
| − | #{{note|soren5}} {{Aas1|start=232}}{{GL1|url=http://gospelink.com/library/ | + | #{{note|soren5}} {{Aas1|start=232}}{{GL1|url=http://gospelink.com/library/contents/680}} |
| − | # {{note|soren6}} Sorenson, ''Ensign'' (April 1992): 62.{{link|url=http:// | + | # {{note|soren6}} Sorenson, ''Ensign'' (April 1992): 62.{{link|url=http://www.lds.org/ensign/1992/04/research-and-perspectives-book-of-mormon-update?lang=eng}} |
#{{note|soren7}} Sorenson, "Zaputo," 335-336. | #{{note|soren7}} Sorenson, "Zaputo," 335-336. | ||
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Revisión del 20:42 5 mar 2014
Plantilla:Articles FAIR copyright Plantilla:Articles Header 1 Plantilla:Articles Header 2 Plantilla:Articles Header 3 Plantilla:Articles Header 4 Plantilla:Articles Header 5 Plantilla:Articles Header 6 Plantilla:Articles Header 7 Plantilla:Articles Header 8 Plantilla:Articles Header 9 Plantilla:Articles Header 10 Plantilla:Resource Title
Contenido
Some claim that plants mentioned in the Book of Mormon are not found in the New World, and are thus evidence that Joseph fabricated the text based upon his own cultural background.
None of the Book of Mormon's plant species causes a problem — Spanish conquerors described pre-Columbian products in exactly the terms used by the Book of Mormon. Barley, silkworms, and grapes were known. One of the terms unknown to Joseph's day (the Akkadian sheum) is impressive evidence for the Book of Mormon's antiquity.
Barley
Barley in the New World was long a source of anti-Mormon amusement, with one author insisting, "barley never grew in the New World before the white man brought it here!" [Scott, 82.]
However, this is simply false. Pre-Columbian New World barley was first reported in the scientific literature in 1983.[1]
Linen
(i.e. flax)
- [The Spaniards] encountered and referred to what they considered "linen" or linen-like cloth made from plants other than flax.[2]
- Bernal Diaz, who served with Cortez in the initial wave of conquest, described native Mexican garments made of "henequen which is like linen." The fiber of the maguey plant, from which henequen was manufactured, closely resembles the flax fiber used to make European linen
- yucca plant fibers makes linen-like cloth
- ixtle (agave) plant fiber makes linen-like cloth
- fig tree bark can be stripped, soaked, and pounded for a cloth with "some of the characteristics of linen."[3] [4]
Neas
This crop is mentioned but once (See Mosiah 9:9). We do not know to what it applied, but this does not count against the Book of Mormon's claims.
Sheum
One must credit Joseph Smith with a bullseye on this issue:
- The name rather obviously derives from Akkadian (Babylonian) "she'um," barley (Old Assyrian, wheat), "the most popular ancient Mesopotamian cereal name."[5]
We do not know to which crop this name was applied, but it is certainly not out of place in an ancient context (See Mosiah 9:9). Critics must explain how Joseph Smith chose this word, since Akkadian was not translated until 27 years after the publication of the Book of Mormon.[6]
For a discussion on this name between believers and non-believers, see here.
Silk
(i.e. mulberry leaves and silkworms)
The production of Old World "silk" requires both silkworms and the mulberry trees upon whose leaves they feed, which critics have charged is impossible.
However, there are several examples of silk or silk-like fabric in pre-Columbian America:
- wild silkworms do exist, and some commentators insisted that the Amerindians spun and wove it from their cocoons
- hair from rabbit bellies was also spun into a cloth dubbed "silk" by the Spanish conquerors
- floss from the ceiba (silk-cotton) tree was made into a "soft delicate cloth," kapok.
- fibers from the wild pineapple were also prized for their ability to be woven into a fine, durable fabric
- cotton cloth in Mexico from A.D. 400 is "even, very fine, and gossamer-thin."[7][8]
Wine (i.e. grapes)
- [The Spaniards] spoke of "vineyards," not planted in grapevines but in maguey plants, from which pulque, which they termed "wine," was manufactured. Half a dozen different types of "wine" made from fruits other than grapes were identified by the Spanish explorers...[another researcher also] reports the Opata of northern Mexico used a drink made from native grapes.[9]
So, there were grapes locally, as well as several other plant species which produced alcoholic drinks which the Spanish were quite happy to consider 'wine.'
Video
Parte (s) de esta crítica se abordan en un segmento de vídeo FairMormon. Haga clic en ' aquí' para ver clips de vídeo en otros temas.
Plantilla:Endnotes label
- [back] John L. Sorenson and Robert F. Smith, "Barley in Ancient America," in Reexploring the Book of Mormon, edited by John W. Welch, (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1992), 130–132. ISBN 0875796001 off-site (Inglés) FAIR link
- [back] John L. Sorenson, "Plants and Animals," in John L. Sorenson, "Viva Zapato! Hurray for the Shoe! (Review of "Does the Shoe Fit? A Critique of the Limited Tehuantepec Geography" by Deanne G. Matheny," FARMS Review of Books 6/1 (1994): 297–361. off-site (Inglés)
- [back] John L. Sorenson, An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City, Utah : Deseret Book Co. ; Provo, Utah : Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1996 [1985]), 232. ISBN 1573451576. GL direct link
- [back] John L. Sorenson, "Silk and Linen in the Book of Mormon - Book of Mormon Update," Ensign (April 1992), 62. off-site (Inglés)
- [back] Sorenson, "Zaputo," 338; citing Robert F. Smith, "Some 'Neologisms' from the Mormon Canon," Conference on the Language of the Mormons 1973, Brigham Young University Language Research Center, 1973, 66.] off-site (Inglés)
- [back] Matt Roper, "Right on Target: Boomerang Hits and the Book of Mormon," FAIR Presentation, 2001. FAIR link
- [back] John L. Sorenson, An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City, Utah : Deseret Book Co. ; Provo, Utah : Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1996 [1985]), 232. ISBN 1573451576. GL direct link
- [back] Sorenson, Ensign (April 1992): 62. off-site (Inglés)
- [back] Sorenson, "Zaputo," 335-336.