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Revisión del 20:51 4 mar 2014

Ladrones de Gadianton como Masones? Este articulo esta siendo traducido con permiso de FAIR LDS por Alberto Barrios

Critica

Los criticos claman que los ladrones de Gadianton estan estrechamente ligados a la referencia del panico Anti-Masonico de la era de Jose Smith.

Fuente(s) de la critica

  • Fawn Brodie, Ningun hombre conoce mi historia (New York, A. A. Knopf, 1945), 63–66.
  • John L. Brooke, El fuego del refinador: La creacion de la cosmologia Mormona, 1644–1844 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 168–171, 174–177, 226, 230, 233.
  • Ed Decker, Completo manual sobre mormonismo de Decker (Eugene: Harvest House, 1995), 210–211, 280.
  • Robert N. Hullinger, Respuestas mormonas a los ecepticos: Porque escribio Jose Smith el Libro de Mormon (St. Louis, Mo.: Clayton, 1980), 100–119; republicado como Respuestas de Jose smith a los ecepticos (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992), 99–120.
  • Thomas F. O'Dea, Los Mormones (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 23, 35, 57.
  • David Persuitte, Jose Smith y los origenes del Libro de Mormon (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1985), 173–180.
  • Walter F. Prince, "test psicologico para los autores del Libro de Mormon," revista Americana de psicologia 28 (July 1917): 373–389.
  • Latayne Colvett Scott, El espejismo Mormon : Un antiguo mormon nos cuenta porque abandono la Iglesia (Grand Rapids : Zondervan Pub. House, 1979), 75.
  • Dan Vogel, "La biblia anti-masonica de los Mormones,'" John Whitmer Revista de la Asociacion Historica 9 (1989): 17–30.
  • Dan Vogel, "Ecos de la Anti-masoneria: Una replica a las criticas de las tesis anti- masonicas," en Apocrifos Americanos, ed. Dan Vogel and Brent Lee Metcalfe (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002), 275–320.

Respuesta

Muchos han especulado que el uso de lenguaje ANti-Masonico Many have speculated that the use of anti-masonic language in the Book of Mormon is 'proof' of 19th century authorship. The authors of these speculations fail to take into account four critical issues which discredit the association between the Gadiantion robbers of the Book of Mormon and the anti-Masonry of the opening decades of the 19th century [1826 through 1845].

1. Joseph Smith grew up with and was surrouned by Freemasons in his home. Both his father, Joseph Smith, Sr., and his elder brother Hyrum Smith were Masons in New York. It would seem unlikely that Joseph would be using anti-masonic language and terms, given his family's close connection and association with the institution of Freemasonry.

2. In 1842, Joseph Smith, Jr., became a Mason. Had Joseph intended to tie the Gadianton robbers to the Freemasons, it seems most unlikely that only 12 years later he would then join the very group which the critics' theories require that he oppose so vehemently in the Book of Mormon.

To credit the critics' theories, wrote anti-Mormon Theodore Schroeder, we must accept that

when the Book of Mormon was finished, Smith's 'obsession' [with anti-Masonry] suddenly and permanently disappears without any other explanation, and Joseph Smith himself became a Mason, in spite of this anti-Masonic obsession.[1]

3. The Book of Mormon is a translation. As such its phrasing may sometimes reflect the time and place in which it was translated. Any similarity between the language of the anti-masonic movement and Joseph's translation can better be expained by Joseph using the language of his time and place rather than by a deliberate connection to anti-masonry.[2]

Some have claimed that the phrase "secret combination" was used exclusively in a Masonic context in Joseph Smith's day. This is simply not the case, however. In 1788, during the debates at New York's state convention to ratify the federal constitution, Alexander Hamilton stated:

In this, the few must yield to the many; or, in other words, the particular must be sacrificed to the general interest. If the members of Congress are too dependent on the state legislatures, they will be eternally forming secret combinations from local views.[3]

And, in 1826, Andrew Jackson complained about Henry Clay's "secrete [sic] combinations of base slander."[4] Jackson was a prominent and well-known Mason, and his presidency was rich fodder for those who feared a Masonic conspiracy. Yet, despite the critics' claims that "secret combination" must refer only to Masons, a prominent Mason here complains about an attack on him in exactly those terms.

4. Furthermore, the Saints of the 19th century saw the Book of Mormon's prophecies of latter-day "secret combinations" fulfilled by the persecution which they received at the hands of American citizens and the U.S. government. They did not invoke the Masons, which suggests that those who knew Joseph Smith did not recognize anti-Masonic themes in the Book of Mormon.[5]

Conclusion

Given Joseph Smith's long family involvement with the institution of Freemasonry and the fact that he would, in 1842, become a Mason himself, it seems unlikely that anti-Masonry was the "environmental source" of the Gadianton robbers found in the Book of Mormon. The members of his day likewise had little enthusiasm for anti-Masonic sentiments.

Any similarities in language between some anti-Masonic agitators and the Book of Mormon are more plausibly explained by the fact that similar words can be—and were—used to describe a variety of different tactics and organizations.

The claim that "secret combinations" was always used to refer to Masons is clearly false.

Endnotes

  1. [back]  Theodore Schroeder, "Authorship of the Book of Mormon: Psychologic Tests of W. F. Prince Critically Reviewed," American Journal of Psychology 30 (January 1919): 70.
  2. [back] Paul Mouritsen, "Secret Combinations and Flaxen Cords: Anti-Masonic Rhetoric and the Book of Mormon," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 12/1 (2003): 64–77. off-site (Inglés)
  3. [back]  Jonathan Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, as Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia in 1787, Together with the Journal of the Federal Convention, Luther Martin's Letter, Yates's Minutes, Congressional Opinions, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of '98-99 and other Illustrations of the Constitution, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1861), 318, emphasis added.
  4. [back]  Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York and London: Norton, 1991), 340; cited in Daniel C. Peterson, "Secret Combinations" Revisited," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 1/1 (1992): 184–188. off-site (Inglés)
  5. [back] , " Notes on 'Gadianton Masonry'" in Daniel C. Peterson, "Notes on 'Gadianton Masonry'," in Ricks and Hamblin, eds., Warfare in the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1990), 174–224.

Further reading

FAIR wiki articles

Libro de Mormón "Anacronismos"

Plantilla:MasonryWiki

FAIR web site

  • Brant A. Gardner, "The Gadianton Robbers in Mormon's Theological History: Their Structural Role and Plausible Identification” FAIR link

Plantilla:MasonryFAIR

External links

Plantilla:MasonryLinks

  • Matthew P. Roper [“Anti-Masonic Influences”], FARMS Review of Books, vol. 4, 1992, 184–85.

Printed material

Plantilla:MasonryPrinted

  • Matthew B. Brown, “The LDS Temple and Freemasonry,” in Matthew B. Brown, The Gate of Heaven: Insights on the Doctrines and Symbols of the Temple (American Fork, UT: Covenant, 1999), 299–318.
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