|
|
| (No se muestran 25 ediciones intermedias de 6 usuarios) |
| Línea 1: |
Línea 1: |
| − | {{GermanWiki|http://www.de.fairmormon.org/index.php/Anachronismen_im_Buch_Mormon:Adieu}}
| + | #REDIRECT [[Pregunta: ¿Por qué la palabra francesa "adieu" en el Libro de Mormón?]] |
| − | Este articulo esta siendo traducido por '''Alberto Barrios'''
| |
| − | ==Critica==
| |
| − | {{s||Jacob|7|27}} finaliza con la frase, "Hermanos, adieu." Los criticos claman que porque la palabra ''adieu'' es Francesa, demuestra que Jose Smith compuso el libro de Mormon, y no un escritor antiguo.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Fuente(s)de la critica===
| |
| − | *John Ankerberg y John Weldon, ''Todo lo que usted desea saber sobre el mormonismo'' (Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 1992), 322.
| |
| − | *Ed Decker, '' Completo Manual de Mormonismo por Decker'' (Eugene: Harvest House, 1995), 113.
| |
| − | *James White, ''Cartas a un Elder mormon'' (Southbridge, MA: Crowne, 1990), 145.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Respuesta==
| |
| − | | |
| − | Hay por lo menos 3 problemas con la palabra ''adieu'' como argumento en contra del Libro de Mormon.
| |
| − | | |
| − | # Los criticos a menudo pasan por alto el hecho de que la palabra ''adieu'' no estaba en las planchas.
| |
| − | # El traductor de una obra puede usar palabras de cualquier idioma que el escoja para transmitir el significado del texto a sus lectores, aun si la palabra ''adieu'' habia sido una palabra extranjera (Ejemplo, Francesa) para Jose Smiyh,no hay nada inusual o problematico con su eleccion de esta palabra en su traduccion.
| |
| − | # Los criticos erroneamente piensan que la palabra ''adieu'' no es una palabra Inglesa.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Ni Ingles ni Frances se hallaban en las planchas===
| |
| − | | |
| − | El Libro de Mormon en Ingles es una ''traduccion''. Esto quiere decir que no es mayor la posibilidad de que la palabra ''adieu'' apareciera en las planchas que las palabras ''si'', ''comienzo'', o ''espada''. Excepto por los nombres propios y otros nombres nombres posiblemente trnasliterados, ninguna palabra que aparece en la version en Ingles del Libro de Mormon se puede decir que se encontraban en las planchas de metal de los nefitas. Similarmente la frase "Y acontecio" nunca aparecio en ninguna parte de las planchas Nefitas. Cualquier calumnia, palabra o frase que haya sido gravada en las planchas fueron traducidas por Jose smith en lo que el sintio que era el equivalente apropiado en Ingles.
| |
| − | | |
| − | A pesar del hecho de que la palabra ''adieu'' aparece en la traduccion en Ingles del Libro de Mormon, la palabra ''adieu'' no era por supuesto conocida por ningun escritor del Libro de Mormon, La palabra ''adieu'' nunca fue usada por ningun escritor del Libro de Mormon, La palabra''adieu'' no aparecio en ninguna parte de las planchas Nefitas.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Una traduccion puede legitimamente usar palabras de muchos idiomas===
| |
| − | | |
| − | El objetivo de una traduccion es tomar el texto escrito en un idioma y hacerlo entendible para alguien que no entiende ese idioma.Cualquiera que haya tenido la necesidad de traducir sabe que frecuentemente no hay maneras para transmitir todos los significados, matizes y sutilezas de los textos originales en el nuevo idioma. Los traductores son libres de seleccionar palabras y frases que ellos sientan que son mejores para transmitir el significado original y que seran de mejor entendimiento para los lectores de la traducción.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Por ejemplo, seria perfectamente aceptable para una traduccion de Japones a inglés incluir las frases no inglesas ''ad hoc'', ''hoi polloi'', o ''savoir faire'' si esas frases parecen transmitir propiamente el significado original y si el traductor cree que los lectores las entenderan.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ''Adieu'' es la traducción de Jose de un concepto expresado por Jacob.''Adieu'' implica "Adios hasta que nos volvamos a reunir con Dios" un final apropiado para el escrito y el testimonio de Jacob.
| |
| − | | |
| − | La apariencia de palabras no Inglesas (si hay alguna) en el Libro de Mormon no tiene nada que ver con que si el Libro de Mormon es autentico o la traduccion esta hecha apropiadamente,y la prescencia de palabras no Inglesas en el texto traducido no implica que palabras no Inglesas hubieran estado presentes en el texto original sobre la planchas Nefitas.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===''Adieu'' es una palabra Inglesa===
| |
| − | | |
| − | Hay un comun mal entendido entre algunos criticos del Libro de Mormon que dicen que la palabra ''adieu'' no es una palbra Inglesa. Esto no es verdad. El problema radica en el hecho de que la palabra ''adieu'' es tanto Inglesa como francesa, y la mayoria de los nativos Ingleses estan mas familiarizados con su uso en el contexto Frances.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ''Adieu'' es una buena palabra que ha aparecido en diccionarios de Ingles, en Literatura Inglesa, y en Ingles de uso comun desde la epoca de Jose smith hasta el presente. ''Adieu'' ingresa al idioma Ingles en el siglo 14. Ingresa desde el frances usado en el meridiano, no del Frances moderno,y ha sido parte del Ingles por aproximadamente 800 años. ''Adieu'' ha sido parte del idioma Inlges por mas tiempo que la palabra ''banquete,'' la cual tambien proviene del frances Moderno pero ''banquete'' ingresa al idioma Ingles solo en el siglo 15.''Adieu'' no es menos Inglesa que cualquier otra, otros ejemplos son: ''comienzo'', ''nacion'', ''psicologia'', ''Biblia'', ''vision'', o cualquier otra palabra que pueda trazarce hasta los origenes latinos, Griego, Aleman, Frances, Español, o cualquier otro idioma.
| |
| − | | |
| − | La prescencia de ''adieu'' no es mas que un reto a la historicidad y auntenticidad del Libro de Mormon asi como lo son los 36 usos de la palabra ''banquete'' en la Nueva Version Internacional es un reto para la historicidad y la autenticidad de la Biblia.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====¿Frances en la epoca de Cristo?====
| |
| − | | |
| − | En 1737, William Whiston (1667-1752) produjo una traduccion de ''La vida de Flavius Josephus'', escrita por un Judio nacido en Jerusalem en en año 37 A.C. La traduccion de Whiston dice en parte:
| |
| − | | |
| − | :Asi yo he establecido la genealogia de mi familia tal como la he hallado escrita en los registros publicos,y entonces pretendo decir (''adieu'') a aquellos que me calumnian.... {{link|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/lfjos10.txt}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Probablemente, los criticos podrian creer que Whiston esta proclamando que Josephus, Un Judio del primer siglo, hablaba Frances (un idioma que aun no se habia inventado) ¿porque entonces utilizo el trmino ''adieu''?
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Shakespeare====
| |
| − | William Shakespeare is nothing if not an English writer. He uses ''adieu'' frequently in his plays:
| |
| − | | |
| − | ;Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 5:GHOST:Adieu, adieu! Hamlet, remember me.{{link|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/Shakespeare/hamlet/hamlet.1.5.html}}
| |
| − | ;The Merchant of Venice, Act 2, Scene 3: LAUNCELOT Adieu! tears exhibit my tongue. Most beautiful/ pagan, most sweet Jew!{{link|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/Shakespeare/merchant/merchant.2.3.html}}
| |
| − | ;Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 5: ROMEO: Dry sorrow drinks our blood. Adieu, adieu!{{link|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/Shakespeare/romeo_juliet/romeo_juliet.3.5.html}}
| |
| − | ;The Merry Wives of Windsor, Act 2, Scene 1: NYM: Adieu. I love not the humour of bread and cheese,/ and there's the humour of it. Adieu.
| |
| − | | |
| − | There are over a hundred other examples.{{link|url=http://www.google.ca/search?as_q=adieu&num=10&hl=en&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&lr=&as_ft=i&as_filetype=&as_qdr=all&as_occt=any&as_dt=i&as_sitesearch=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-tech.mit.edu%2F&safe=images}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====The Declaration of Independence====
| |
| − | [[Image:Declar_independ_rough_p4.JPG |left|frame|A segment of the fourth page of Thomas Jefferson's rough draft of the Declaration of Independence (original in Library of Congress). The red line indicates where Jefferson has written "everlasting Adieu," which he later struck out and replaced with the text underlined in green, "eternal separation." [http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration4.gif *]]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Thomas Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration of Independence read, in part (beginning shown in image by blue underline):
| |
| − | :...be it so, since they will have it: the road to glory & happiness is open to us too; we will climb it in a separate state, and acquiesce in the necessity which pronounces our everlasting Adieu!{{ref|jefferson1}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Jefferson later crossed out "everlasting Adieu," and replaced it with "eternal separation."{{ref|jefferson2}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Dictionaries====
| |
| − | Noah [http://65.66.134.201/cgi-bin/webster/webster.exe?search_for_texts_web1828=adieu Webster's] 1828 American dictionary demonstrates that ''adieu'' was perfectly good English the year prior to the Book of Mormon's translation:
| |
| − | <blockquote>
| |
| − | ADIEU', Adu'.
| |
| − | :Farewell; an expression of kind wishes at the parting of friends.
| |
| − | ADIEU', n. A farewell, or commendation to the care of God; as an everlasting adieu.
| |
| − | </blockquote>
| |
| − | | |
| − | It should be noted that the word ''adieu'' appears in nearly every modern English dictionary, and that although its etymology may be listed as being from Middle French, the word itself is not indicated as being a non-English word.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====John and Charles Wesley====
| |
| − | | |
| − | The Wesley brothers, founders of Methodism, used ''adieu'' in some of their hymns:
| |
| − | ;Hymn 285: I'll bid this world of noise and show/ With all its glittering snares, adieu! {{link|url=http://www.ccel.org/w/wesley/hymn/jwg02/jwg0285.html}}
| |
| − | ;Hymn 809: VAIN, delusive world, adieu...{{link|url=http://www.ccel.org/w/wesley/hymn/jwg08/jwg0809.html}}{{ref|wesley1}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Furthermore, John Wesley was fond of ''adieu'', using it many times in his personal letters. A few examples follow; more are available{{link|url=http://www.google.com/custom?q=adieu&btnG=Search&safe=vss&cof=GL%3A0%3BT%3A%23000000%3BLC%3A%230000FF%3B&domains=wesley.nnu.edu&sitesearch=wesley.nnu.edu}}
| |
| − | ;5 January 1763 to Charles Wesley:"We join in love to you both. My wife gains ground. She is quite peaceable and loving to all. Adieu!"{{link|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/letters/1763.htm}}
| |
| − | ;17 May 1742 to Charles Wesley:Let all the brethren pray for me. Adieu!{{link|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/letters/1742.htm}}
| |
| − | ;15 December 1772 to Charles Wesley:My love to all. Adieu!{{link|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/letters/1772b.htm}}
| |
| − | ; 16 December 1772 to Mrs. Bennis:My dear sister, adieu{{link|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/letters/1772b.htm}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Irenaeus - French in the 1st Century?====
| |
| − | | |
| − | Speaking after quoting {{s||Deuteronomy|33|9}}, the early Christian author Irenaeus (A.D. 115–202) had ''his'' ancient writings translated as follows:
| |
| − | | |
| − | :But who are they that have left father and mother, and have said adieu to all their neighbours, on account of the word of God and His covenant, unless the disciples of the Lord?{{ref|irenaeus1}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Is this a legitimate translation, or was Irenaeus non-existent and the translator a fraud for using "adieu"?
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Use Among LDS Members====
| |
| − | [[Image:Emma_hymn_book_2.jpg |right|frame|Index page from the 1835 book of hymns chosen by Emma Smith for use in the Church. Original from BYU library.{{link|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/docitemview.exe?CISOROOT=/NCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=533}}]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Closer to home, hymn #52 (penned by a non-LDS author) was collected by Emma Smith for the use of the Church. In this hymn, ''adieu'' is used twice in the first line:
| |
| − | | |
| − | :Adieu, my dear brethren adieu,
| |
| − | :Reluctant we give you the hand,
| |
| − | :No more to assemble with you,
| |
| − | :Till we on mount Zion shall stand.{{ref|hymn1}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Clearly, this was a word familiar to Joseph and his contemporaries. The Church's the ''Times and Seasons'' periodical used the word 19 times.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Use Among Non-LDS Contemporaries====
| |
| − | | |
| − | Emma Smith's second husband, Lewis Bidamon, was certainly not LDS. His letters reveal that his spelling is not terribly sophisticated. Yet, even he was very comfortable using the phrase "adieu," as in this letter to Emma:
| |
| − | | |
| − | :''Adeau'', dear Emma, for the present. Give my warmest affections to the children and all inquireing friends, and curses to my enmeys!{{ref|bidamon1}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Conclusion==
| |
| − | ''Adieu'' is simply one English word among many in the Book of Mormon translation. It was in common use among Latter-day Saints and others in Joseph's era. Critics hope to cause confusion simply because the word's French associations are more familiar to the general reader and because the critics can misrepresent the nature of translated works to people who don't carefully consider what the critics are asserting. In the final analysis, the presence of the word "adieu" in the English translation of the Book of Mormon cannot be construed to indicate anything beyond the fact that Jacob intended to communicate "farewell forever, or until we meet God."
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Endnotes==
| |
| − | #{{note|jefferson1}} Thomas Jefferson, "original Rough draght," ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 1:1760-1776'' (Princeton University Press, 1950), 423–428. {{link|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html}}
| |
| − | #{{note|jefferson2}} Editorial Note, "Jefferson's 'original Rough draught,' of the Declaration of Independence," (Princeton University Press, 2004), 6, footnote 16. {{link|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html}}
| |
| − | #{{note|wesley1}} John Wesley, ''A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the People Called Methodists'' (London: Wesleyan-Methodist Book Room, 1889 [1780]), #285, #809.
| |
| − | #{{note|irenaeus1}} {{Anf1|author=Irenaeus|article=Against Heresies|citation=book 4 chap. 8|vol=1|start=471}}
| |
| − | #{{note|hymn1}}Emma Smith, ''A Collection of Sacred Hymns, for the Church of the Latter Day Saints'' Hymn 52, (Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & co., 1835), 68.
| |
| − | #{{note|bidamon1}} Lewis Bidamon to Emma Smith Bidamon, 20 April 1850, RLDS Archives; cited in {{ME2_1|start=257}} Spelling as original, italics added.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Best articles to read next==
| |
| − | {{LearnMore}}
| |
| − | #"How is it that the Book of Mormon prophet Jacob ends his account with the French word 'adieu'?", ''farms.byu.edu'' (accessed 14 June 2006).{{link|url=http://farms.byu.edu/questionday.php?id=1 }}
| |
| − | #Jeff Lindsay, "Why does the Book of Jacob end with a French word?", ''lightplanet.com'' (accessed 14 June 2006).{{link|url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/qa/bom_french.htm}}
| |
| − | #{{Ensign1|author=Edward J. Brandt|article=Why are the words ''adieu, bible,'' and ''baptize'' in the Book of Mormon? These words weren't known in Book of Mormon times|date=October 1985|start=17}} {{link|url=http://library.lds.org/library/lpext.dll/ArchMagazines/Ensign/1985.htm/ensign%20october%201985%20.htm/i%20have%20a%20question.htm?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0#LPTOC1}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Further reading==
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===FAIR wiki articles===
| |
| − | {{Book_of_Mormon_Anachronisms}}
| |
| − | ===FAIR web site===
| |
| − | *{{Tg|topic=Book of Mormon Textual Issues|url=http://www.fairlds.org/apol/ai111.html}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===External links===
| |
| − | *"How is it that the Book of Mormon prophet Jacob ends his account with the French word 'adieu'?", ''farms.byu.edu'' (accessed 14 June 2006).{{link|url=http://farms.byu.edu/questionday.php?id=1 }}
| |
| − | *Jeff Lindsay, "Why does the Book of Jacob end with a French word?", ''lightplanet.com'' (accessed 14 June 2006).{{link|url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/qa/bom_french.htm}}
| |
| − | *{{Ensign1|author=Edward J. Brandt|article=Why are the words ''adieu, bible,'' and ''baptize'' in the Book of Mormon? These words weren't known in Book of Mormon times|date=October 1985|start=17}} {{link|url=http://library.lds.org/library/lpext.dll/ArchMagazines/Ensign/1985.htm/ensign%20october%201985%20.htm/i%20have%20a%20question.htm?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0#LPTOC1}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Printed material===
| |
| − | *{{revisited1|author=Daniel C. Peterson|article=Is the Book of Mormon True? Notes on the Debate|start=Chapter 6}} {{GL1|url=http://gospelink.com/library/doc?doc%5fid=264962}}
| |
