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| − | {{GermanWiki|http://www.de.fairmormon.org/index.php/Anachronismen_im_Buch_Mormon:Adieu}}
| + | #REDIRECT [[Pregunta: ¿Por qué la palabra francesa "adieu" en el Libro de Mormón?]] |
| − | ==Criticism==
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| − | {{s||Jacob|7|27}} ends with the phrase, "Brethren, adieu." Critics claim that because ''adieu'' is French, it shows that Joseph Smith composed the Book of Mormon, and not an ancient author.
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| − | ===Source(s) of the Criticism===
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| − | *John Ankerberg and John Weldon, ''Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Mormonism'' (Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 1992), 322.
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| − | *Ed Decker, ''Decker's Complete Handbook on Mormonism'' (Eugene: Harvest House, 1995), 113.
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| − | *James White, ''Letters to a Mormon Elder'' (Southbridge, MA: Crowne, 1990), 145.
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| − | ==Response==
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| − | There are at least three problems with the ''adieu'' argument against the Book of Mormon.
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| − | # Critics often overlook the fact that the word ''adieu'' was not on the plates.
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| − | # The translator of a work can use words from any language he chooses in order to convey the meaning of the text to his readers, so that even if ''adieu'' had been a foreign word (e.g., French) to Joseph Smith, there is nothing either unusual or problematic with his choosing that word in his translation.
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| − | # Critics mistakenly think the word ''adieu'' is not an English word. | |
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| − | ===Neither English nor French was on the plates===
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| − | The English Book of Mormon is a ''translation''. This means that it is no more likely that the word ''adieu'' appeared on the plates than did the words ''yea'', ''beginning'', or ''sword''. Except for proper nouns and a few other possibly transliterated nouns, no word that appears in the English version of the Book of Mormon can be said to have been on the ancient Nephite plates. Similarly, the phrase "and it came to pass" never appeared anywhere on the Nephite plates. Whatever character, word, or phrase that had been engraved on the plates was translated by Joseph Smith into what he felt was an approximate equivalent in English.
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| − | Despite the fact that the word ''adieu'' appears in the English translation of the Book of Mormon, the word ''adieu'' was certainly not known to any Book of Mormon writer, the word ''adieu'' was never used by any Book of Mormon writer, and the word ''adieu'' did not appear anywhere on the Nephite plates.
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| − | ===A translation can legitimately use words from many languages===
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| − | The goal of a translation is to take a text written in one language and to make it understandable to someone who does not understand that language. Anyone who has had the need to translate knows that frequently there is no way to convey all of the meanings, nuances, and subtleties of the original text in the new language. Translators are free to select words and phrases that they feel best convey the original meaning and will best be understood by the readers of the translation.
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| − | For example, it would be perfectly acceptable for a translation from Japanese to English to include the non-English phrases ''ad hoc'', ''hoi polloi'', or ''savoir faire'' if those phrases seem to properly convey the original meaning and if the translator believes that readers will understand them.
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| − | ''Adieu'' is Joseph's translation of a concept expressed by Jacob. ''Adieu'' implies "farewell until we meet with God," a fitting finale to Jacob's testimony and writing.
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| − | The appearance of non-English words (if there are any) in the Book of Mormon has absolutely no bearing on whether the Book of Mormon is authentic or whether the translation was properly done, and the presence of non-English words in the translated text would not imply that those non-English words appeared in the original text on the Nephite plates.
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| − | ===''Adieu'' is an English word===
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| − | There is a common misunderstanding among some critics of the Book of Mormon that the word ''adieu'' is not an English word. This is not true. The problem stems from the fact that ''adieu'' is both an English word and a French word, and most English speakers are more familiar with its use in a French context.
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| − | ''Adieu'' is a perfectly good English word that has appeared in English dictionaries, English literature, and in common English usage from long before Joseph Smith to the present. ''Adieu'' entered the English language in the 14th century. It entered from Middle French, not modern French, and it has been part of English for approximately 800 years. ''Adieu'' has been part of the English language longer than the word ''banquet,'' which is also a word in modern French, but ''banquet'' entered the English language only in the 15th century. ''Adieu'' is no less English than ''commence'', ''nation'', ''psychology'', ''Bible'', ''vision'', or any other word that can be traced back to Latin, Greek, German, French, Spanish, or any other language.
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| − | The presence of ''adieu'' is no more a challenge to the historicity and authenticity of the Book of Mormon than the 36 uses of ''banquet'' in the NIV is a challenge to the historicity and authenticity of the Bible.
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| − | ====French at the time of Christ?====
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| − | In 1737, William Whiston (1667-1752) produced a translation of ''The Life of Flavius Josephus'', written by a Jew born in Jerusalem in A.D. 37. Whiston's translation reads, in part:
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| − | :Thus have I set down the genealog of my family as I have found it described in the public records, and so bid adieu to those who calumniate me...{{link|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/lfjos10.txt}}
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| − | Presumably, the critics would have us believe that Whiston is claiming that Josephus, a first century Jew, spoke French (a language not yet invented) because he uses the term ''adieu''?
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| − | ====Shakespeare====
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| − | William Shakespeare is nothing if not an English writer. He uses ''adieu'' frequently in his plays:
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| − | ;Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 5:GHOST:Adieu, adieu! Hamlet, remember me.{{link|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/Shakespeare/hamlet/hamlet.1.5.html}}
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| − | ;The Merchant of Venice, Act 2, Scene 3: LAUNCELOT Adieu! tears exhibit my tongue. Most beautiful/ pagan, most sweet Jew!{{link|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/Shakespeare/merchant/merchant.2.3.html}}
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| − | ;Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 5: ROMEO: Dry sorrow drinks our blood. Adieu, adieu!{{link|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/Shakespeare/romeo_juliet/romeo_juliet.3.5.html}}
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| − | ;The Merry Wives of Windsor, Act 2, Scene 1: NYM: Adieu. I love not the humour of bread and cheese,/ and there's the humour of it. Adieu.
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| − | There are over a hundred other examples.{{link|url=http://www.google.ca/search?as_q=adieu&num=10&hl=en&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&lr=&as_ft=i&as_filetype=&as_qdr=all&as_occt=any&as_dt=i&as_sitesearch=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-tech.mit.edu%2F&safe=images}}
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| − | ====The Declaration of Independence====
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| − | [[Image:Declar_independ_rough_p4.JPG |left|frame|A segment of the fourth page of Thomas Jefferson's rough draft of the Declaration of Independence (original in Library of Congress). The red line indicates where Jefferson has written "everlasting Adieu," which he later struck out and replaced with the text underlined in green, "eternal separation." [http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration4.gif *]]]
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| − | Thomas Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration of Independence read, in part (beginning shown in image by blue underline):
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| − | :...be it so, since they will have it: the road to glory & happiness is open to us too; we will climb it in a separate state, and acquiesce in the necessity which pronounces our everlasting Adieu!{{ref|jefferson1}}
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| − | Jefferson later crossed out "everlasting Adieu," and replaced it with "eternal separation."{{ref|jefferson2}}
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| − | ====Dictionaries====
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| − | Noah [http://65.66.134.201/cgi-bin/webster/webster.exe?search_for_texts_web1828=adieu Webster's] 1828 American dictionary demonstrates that ''adieu'' was perfectly good English the year prior to the Book of Mormon's translation:
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| − | <blockquote>
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| − | ADIEU', Adu'.
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| − | :Farewell; an expression of kind wishes at the parting of friends.
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| − | ADIEU', n. A farewell, or commendation to the care of God; as an everlasting adieu.
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | It should be noted that the word ''adieu'' appears in nearly every modern English dictionary, and that although its etymology may be listed as being from Middle French, the word itself is not indicated as being a non-English word.
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| − | ====John and Charles Wesley====
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| − | The Wesley brothers, founders of Methodism, used ''adieu'' in some of their hymns:
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| − | ;Hymn 285: I'll bid this world of noise and show/ With all its glittering snares, adieu! {{link|url=http://www.ccel.org/w/wesley/hymn/jwg02/jwg0285.html}}
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| − | ;Hymn 809: VAIN, delusive world, adieu...{{link|url=http://www.ccel.org/w/wesley/hymn/jwg08/jwg0809.html}}{{ref|wesley1}}
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| − | Furthermore, John Wesley was fond of ''adieu'', using it many times in his personal letters. A few examples follow; more are available{{link|url=http://www.google.com/custom?q=adieu&btnG=Search&safe=vss&cof=GL%3A0%3BT%3A%23000000%3BLC%3A%230000FF%3B&domains=wesley.nnu.edu&sitesearch=wesley.nnu.edu}}
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| − | ;5 January 1763 to Charles Wesley:"We join in love to you both. My wife gains ground. She is quite peaceable and loving to all. Adieu!"{{link|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/letters/1763.htm}}
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| − | ;17 May 1742 to Charles Wesley:Let all the brethren pray for me. Adieu!{{link|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/letters/1742.htm}}
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| − | ;15 December 1772 to Charles Wesley:My love to all. Adieu!{{link|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/letters/1772b.htm}}
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| − | ; 16 December 1772 to Mrs. Bennis:My dear sister, adieu{{link|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/letters/1772b.htm}}
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| − | ====Irenaeus - French in the 1st Century?====
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| − | Speaking after quoting {{s||Deuteronomy|33|9}}, the early Christian author Irenaeus (A.D. 115–202) had ''his'' ancient writings translated as follows:
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| − | :But who are they that have left father and mother, and have said adieu to all their neighbours, on account of the word of God and His covenant, unless the disciples of the Lord?{{ref|irenaeus1}}
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| − | Is this a legitimate translation, or was Irenaeus non-existent and the translator a fraud for using "adieu"?
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| − | ====Use Among LDS Members====
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| − | [[Image:Emma_hymn_book_2.jpg |right|frame|Index page from the 1835 book of hymns chosen by Emma Smith for use in the Church. Original from BYU library.{{link|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/docitemview.exe?CISOROOT=/NCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=533}}]]
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| − | Closer to home, hymn #52 (penned by a non-LDS author) was collected by Emma Smith for the use of the Church. In this hymn, ''adieu'' is used twice in the first line:
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| − | :Adieu, my dear brethren adieu,
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| − | :Reluctant we give you the hand,
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| − | :No more to assemble with you,
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| − | :Till we on mount Zion shall stand.{{ref|hymn1}}
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| − | Clearly, this was a word familiar to Joseph and his contemporaries. The Church's the ''Times and Seasons'' periodical used the word 19 times.
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| − | ====Use Among Non-LDS Contemporaries====
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| − | Emma Smith's second husband, Lewis Bidamon, was certainly not LDS. His letters reveal that his spelling is not terribly sophisticated. Yet, even he was very comfortable using the phrase "adieu," as in this letter to Emma:
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| − | :''Adeau'', dear Emma, for the present. Give my warmest affections to the children and all inquireing friends, and curses to my enmeys!{{ref|bidamon1}}
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| − | ==Conclusion==
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| − | ''Adieu'' is simply one English word among many in the Book of Mormon translation. It was in common use among Latter-day Saints and others in Joseph's era. Critics hope to cause confusion simply because the word's French associations are more familiar to the general reader and because the critics can misrepresent the nature of translated works to people who don't carefully consider what the critics are asserting. In the final analysis, the presence of the word "adieu" in the English translation of the Book of Mormon cannot be construed to indicate anything beyond the fact that Jacob intended to communicate "farewell forever, or until we meet God."
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| − | ==Endnotes==
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| − | #{{note|jefferson1}} Thomas Jefferson, "original Rough draght," ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 1:1760-1776'' (Princeton University Press, 1950), 423–428. {{link|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html}}
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| − | #{{note|jefferson2}} Editorial Note, "Jefferson's 'original Rough draught,' of the Declaration of Independence," (Princeton University Press, 2004), 6, footnote 16. {{link|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html}}
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| − | #{{note|wesley1}} John Wesley, ''A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the People Called Methodists'' (London: Wesleyan-Methodist Book Room, 1889 [1780]), #285, #809.
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| − | #{{note|irenaeus1}} {{Anf1|author=Irenaeus|article=Against Heresies|citation=book 4 chap. 8|vol=1|start=471}}
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| − | #{{note|hymn1}}Emma Smith, ''A Collection of Sacred Hymns, for the Church of the Latter Day Saints'' Hymn 52, (Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & co., 1835), 68.
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| − | #{{note|bidamon1}} Lewis Bidamon to Emma Smith Bidamon, 20 April 1850, RLDS Archives; cited in {{ME2_1|start=257}} Spelling as original, italics added.
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| − | ==Best articles to read next==
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| − | {{LearnMore}}
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| − | #"How is it that the Book of Mormon prophet Jacob ends his account with the French word 'adieu'?", ''farms.byu.edu'' (accessed 14 June 2006).{{link|url=http://farms.byu.edu/questionday.php?id=1 }}
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| − | #Jeff Lindsay, "Why does the Book of Jacob end with a French word?", ''lightplanet.com'' (accessed 14 June 2006).{{link|url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/qa/bom_french.htm}}
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| − | #{{Ensign1|author=Edward J. Brandt|article=Why are the words ''adieu, bible,'' and ''baptize'' in the Book of Mormon? These words weren't known in Book of Mormon times|date=October 1985|start=17}} {{link|url=http://library.lds.org/library/lpext.dll/ArchMagazines/Ensign/1985.htm/ensign%20october%201985%20.htm/i%20have%20a%20question.htm?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0#LPTOC1}}
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | ===FAIR wiki articles===
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| − | {{Book_of_Mormon_Anachronisms}}
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| − | ===FAIR web site===
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| − | *{{Tg|topic=Book of Mormon Textual Issues|url=http://www.fairlds.org/apol/ai111.html}}
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| − | ===External links===
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| − | *"How is it that the Book of Mormon prophet Jacob ends his account with the French word 'adieu'?", ''farms.byu.edu'' (accessed 14 June 2006).{{link|url=http://farms.byu.edu/questionday.php?id=1 }}
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| − | *Jeff Lindsay, "Why does the Book of Jacob end with a French word?", ''lightplanet.com'' (accessed 14 June 2006).{{link|url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/response/qa/bom_french.htm}}
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| − | *{{Ensign1|author=Edward J. Brandt|article=Why are the words ''adieu, bible,'' and ''baptize'' in the Book of Mormon? These words weren't known in Book of Mormon times|date=October 1985|start=17}} {{link|url=http://library.lds.org/library/lpext.dll/ArchMagazines/Ensign/1985.htm/ensign%20october%201985%20.htm/i%20have%20a%20question.htm?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0#LPTOC1}}
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| − | ===Printed material===
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| − | *{{revisited1|author=Daniel C. Peterson|article=Is the Book of Mormon True? Notes on the Debate|start=Chapter 6}} {{GL1|url=http://gospelink.com/library/doc?doc%5fid=264962}}
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