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FAIR is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing well-documented answers to criticisms of the doctrine, practice, and history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Today’s members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have shied away from wearing the cross on their necks or displaying it in their homes as a symbol of Jesus Christ’s atonement and have encouraged others who convert to the Church to not wear crosses either.
The Church has, for a long time, held an institutional policy of not placing crosses on their chapels, temples, and other official buildings. This has, for a long time, caused confusion among some Latter-day Saints but primarily Christians of other faiths. Isn’t the cross a symbol of the resurrection?
Leaders of the Church have responded that we prefer to worship the living Christ and that the cross tends to symbolize Christ’s death. Leaders have also stated that the symbol of Christ and his atonement as Latter-day Saints should be our lives and the way that we conduct them on a daily basis.
But in more recent years, this discouragement from wearing the cross and/or displaying it has begun to be examined and challenged as a mere cultural accretion with no solid basis in either scripture nor the official statements of Church leaders— most notably through the work of BYU professor John Hilton III but also through the work of historian Michael G. Reed.[1]
Are these gentlemen right in asserting this? We examine this question in this article—concluding that there is basis in scripture and the statements of Church leaders for Latter-day Saints to adhere to this norm.
We’ll use a recent article by John Hilton III as the basis of our response. Dr. Hilton is correct in regards to his account of the history behind Latter-day Saints and their use of the cross. However, he is off about the normativity of not wearing and/or displaying crosses today.
Below is a full reproduction of the article that Hilton wrote for LDS Living which the editors published on February 9, 2022. We've retained Hilton's footnotes as well as links to the relevant sources where possible for easy access and comparison.
Recently a Latter-day Saint woman shared the following story with me. She lived in the southern United States and invited a neighbor of another faith to attend her daughter’s baptism. The neighbor accepted the invitation and came to witness the ordinance. Afterward she graciously presented the 8-year-old with a gift: a cross necklace. Upon opening the gift, the child froze. She had been taught not to wear crosses. The mother also froze, feeling unsure out how to respond. Sensing the mother and daughter’s discomfort, the neighbor hastily took back the cross, promising to get the child a different gift.
Today, that Latter-day Saint mother looks back on this experience with regret, wishing she had seen it as an opportunity to rejoice with her friend in their shared belief in Jesus Christ instead of letting it be a source of discomfort and division. Experiences like these might make some wonder: What has the Church actually said about wearing the cross? Have Church leaders encouraged us not to participate in the practice? How should we view other Christians and even fellow Latter-day Saints who use the symbol?
Let’s explore these questions by examining any current, official Church statements; the historical viewpoints of early Latter-day Saints; and any statements made by Church leaders over time until the present. I’ll also share experiences that others have shared with me to help bring personal perspectives to the topic about why the cross is a beautiful reminder of Christ’s atoning sacrifice.
Official Church Statements
A look at current, official Church publications shows that very little has been said about wearing the cross, either in favor of the practice or against it. So far as I have been able to ascertain, no Church handbook has either forbidden or encouraged the use of the cross.
We do, however, have a Gospel Topics article about the cross. It acknowledges that “the cross is used in many Christian churches as a symbol of the Savior’s death and Resurrection and as a sincere expression of faith.” It goes on to say that “as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, we also remember with reverence the suffering of the Savior. But because the Savior lives, we do not use the symbol of His death as the symbol of our faith.”
This article attests that the Church itself does not use the cross as a symbol of our faith; however, it doesn’t specifically say whether individuals should or should not wear one.
As far as I can ascertain, this is the most official and current comment from the Church on the subject. While some Church leaders have made additional statements either in private or in non-Church publications, these may not carry the same weight. We’ll take a look at some of these sources later. First, let’s discuss the viewpoints of early Church members to give some context.
Historical Viewpoints
The Church’s view of the cross as a symbol has a rich and complex history. Early Church members did not eschew the cross: in the 19th century, Latter-day Saint marriage certificates, quilts, and funeral programs sometimes featured crosses, as did the 1852 European edition of the Doctrine and Covenants.
Crosses were displayed at the funerals of prominent Church members such as Eliza R. Snow and John Taylor,[2]:76–78 and even Latter-day Saint church buildings sometimes—though rarely—featured crosses, a practice that continues to the current day.[3]
Early photographs indicate that prominent Latter-day Saint men and women wore jewelry featuring the cross, including Amelia Folsom Young, wife of Brigham Young; and Nabby Young Clawson, Brigham Young’s daughter (see image below).[4]
Males, including Benjamin F. Johnson (a former secretary to Joseph Smith), also wore crosses on watch chains or ties.[2]:80–83 The fact that so many early members wore such accessories when posing for formal photographs indicates that cross jewelry was relatively common. At that time there was nothing particularly unusual about Latter-day Saints wearing a cross.
One of the best indicators of the early Church’s openness to the image of the cross in the early 20th century is the proposal to build a large cross monument on Ensign Peak in Salt Lake City. In 1916, Presiding Bishop Charles W. Nibley proposed that the Church have “the privilege of erecting on Ensign peak a suitable cross, the symbol of Christianity, as a memorial to the ‘Mormon’ pioneers who first established here that which the cross implies.”[2]:87
President Joseph F. Smith and one of his counselors in the First Presidency both agreed that putting a cross on Ensign Peak was a good idea.[2]:87–92 Speaking of the proposal, the Deseret Evening News stated, “The monument is intended as an insignia of Christian belief on the part of the Church which has been accused of not believing in Christianity.”[5]
However, some people in the Salt Lake Valley opposed the monument. Local rabbis argued that a cross failed to represent the multiple faiths in Utah, and some Church members inaccurately claimed it was a Catholic symbol.[2]:88–92 The project was ultimately shelved, but the fact that it was approved by the President of the Church indicates that during this time the cross was not viewed as an inappropriate symbol for the faith.
Use of the cross continued into the 20th century. The headstone of Elder B. H. Roberts of the Seventy, who died in 1933, was inscribed with a large cross.[2]:110–11
In addition, during the 1940s, a large stone cross was erected in Provo, Utah, near Y Mountain. Several stakes, together with Brigham Young University, sponsored interdenominational Easter services held at the cross.[6] In this same decade, Spencer W. Kimball shared experiences indicating he perceived the cross as a positive religious symbol.[7]
Shifting Perspectives
In the 1950s a shift began to take place in how some Church members viewed the cross. Much of this shift appears to come from an increased association of the cross with Catholicism. During this decade, President David O. McKay wrote in his private journal that he felt Latter-day Saint girls should not wear crosses.[8]
When searching general conference talks and other published writings of General Authorities,[9] I have been able to locate only three statements that speak about wearing or displaying crosses, although none of them are from official Church publications. In 1958 Elder Bruce R. McConkie wrote negatively about wearing a cross, saying it was ”inharmonious” with Latter-day Saint worship.[10]
Then in 1961, Elder Joseph Fielding Smith wrote, “If our Lord had been killed with a dagger or with a sword, it would have been very strange if religious people this day would have graced such a weapon by wearing and adoring it because it was by such a means that our Lord was put to death.”[11] He went on to say that “the wearing of crosses is to most Latter-day Saints in very poor taste and inconsistent to our worship.”[12]
Finally, in 1990 Elder Marvin J. Ashton more softly wrote, “We … try to teach our people to carry their crosses rather than display or wear them.”[13]
It’s interesting to note that these few unofficial statements discouraging Church members from wearing or displaying crosses are decades old. Clearly, we should follow the counsel of living prophets, seers, and revelators; however, we should remember that specific practices and applications can shift over time.
A Multifaceted Symbol
In the same article in which he wrote that “the wearing of crosses is to most Latter-day Saints in very poor taste,” President Joseph Fielding Smith nonetheless acknowledged that for many religious people, the symbol could be helpful: “We have never questioned the sincerity of Catholics and Protestants for wearing the cross, or felt that they were doing something which was wrong.” He continued, “The motive for such a custom by those who are of other churches, we must conclude, is a most sincere and sacred gesture. To them the cross does not represent an emblem of torture but evidently carried the impression of sacrifice and suffering endured by the Son of God.”[14]
This statement illustrates that how one views the image of a cross can vary. Some Latter-day Saints may agree with President Smith’s words that a cross necklace might be “in very poor taste,” while others might agree with his statement that a cross could represent the sacred “sacrifice and suffering endured by the Son of God.”
In a 1975 conference talk, President Gordon B. Hinckley explained the Church’s institutional practice of not having crosses in our buildings, but he did not directly discourage individuals from wearing or displaying crosses. In that talk, President Hinckley related how a Protestant minister asked him how Latter-day Saints could claim to be Christians while avoiding the image of the cross.
President Hinckley responded, “I do not wish to give offense to any of my Christian brethren who use the cross on the steeples of their cathedrals and at the altars of their chapels, who wear it on their vestments, and imprint it on their books and other literature. But for us, the cross is the symbol of the dying Christ, while our message is a declaration of the living Christ.” He continued, “The lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and, in fact, therefore, the symbol of our worship.”[15]
President Hinckley’s statement emphasizes the worship of the living Christ—the importance of which cannot be overstated. At the same time, if we as members insist that the cross must exclusively represent a dying Jesus Christ, we ignore the fact that this symbol, like so many others, is multifaceted: symbols permit, even invite, layers of meaning.
To insist that our fellow Christians focus on Christ’s death by wearing a cross would be shortsighted, as illustrated by this experience of Eric Huntsman, professor of ancient scripture at Brigham Young University:
I remember being surprised once when a … Presbyterian friend corrected me when I told her that we preferred to worship a living rather than a dead Christ; she responded that she did too. The cross reminded Protestants that Jesus died for their sins, but it was empty because He was risen and was no longer there on it. I was chastened by her response, realizing that just as we do not appreciate others mischaracterizing our beliefs, neither should we presume to understand or misrepresent the beliefs and practices of others.”[16]
In the 21st century, we have started to see some Church leaders commenting positively on the influence that crucifixion imagery can have. For example, Elder Edward Dube of the Seventy has said that one of the “defining moments” in his life occurred when he was pondering an image of the Crucifixion in a Catholic church in his native country of Zimbabwe when he was 10 years old.[17] For Elder Dube, viewing the image of Christ on the cross was a moving, spiritual experience.
Before Elder F. Enzio Busche of the Seventy joined the Church, he was hospitalized with a serious liver infection. Believing he was about to die, he began to panic, realizing that he had not prepared himself to meet God. He wrote, “On the wall of my [hospital] room was a cross with the crucified Christ on it. It was the only object on the wall, and as I focused upon it, I developed a tremendous hope.”[18]
A Question of Culture, Not Doctrine
To be clear: No Church statement has ever encouraged Latter-day Saints wear or display crosses. At the same time, no Church teachings should be used to judge or stigmatize those who do wear or display a cross.
Consider my friend’s experience—while I’m not suggesting we all need to do exactly what he did, I admire his willingness to defend others’ perspectives. He recounts:
“While I was serving in a bishopric, a family got baptized. The Primary-age girl came to church following her baptism wearing a cross necklace. Her grandma, who was not yet baptized, also came to church wearing a cross necklace.
“During a [later] visit with this family, they shared with me that the Primary-age girl was told by one of her classmates, ‘You shouldn’t wear that cross. It’s bad.’ The grandma was also told by an adult church member, ‘You shouldn’t wear that necklace at our church.’
“I asked the girl and her grandma to tell me why they wore the cross. They shared with me their gratitude for the sacrifice Jesus made for them. I told them, ‘Please continue to wear your necklaces. I will wear the symbol of the cross on Sunday as well.’ I purchased a pair of cross cufflinks and wore them each Sunday to church.
“On occasion I was asked by members of the ward about my cross cufflinks. One asked me, ‘Why would you wear a symbol of Christ’s death?’
“I answered, ‘The cross is not a symbol of death. It is a symbol of life. It is a symbol of the Savior’s triumph over death.’
“The member replied, ‘I have never thought of it like that.’
I’m grateful my friend was there to ease the pain of some people who could easily have been offended at the way they were treated. I wonder how many visitors or recent converts have left the church because of unnecessary comments made about a cross they displayed or wore. It doesn’t have to be that way.
The meaning of the symbol of the cross is more cultural than doctrinal; therefore, we should avoid making it an issue when fellow Latter-day Saints or other Christians use the symbol to remind themselves of Jesus Christ.
Whatever you personally think about the cross as a symbol, remember that no Church leader has made an official statement that members should not wear or display crosses. No Church handbook has ever forbidden this practice. For some the cross represents death, but for others it represents life and love. Understanding the multifaceted meanings of the cross can help us feel more love for Jesus and more deeply feel His love for us.
The first thing to note in relation to Hilton’s article is a clear bias in how he interprets sources. First, the Gordon B. Hinckley quote. It’s quite counterintuitive to suggest that Hinckely is not subtly suggesting that all Church members should refrain from wearing the cross. Returning to his statement, he says that “[t]he lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and, in fact, therefore, the symbol of our worship” (emphasis added)
Second, the statements from David O. McKay, Bruce R. McConkie, Joseph Fielding Smith, and Marvin J. Ashton should be taken more seriously since, while their statements are not placed in official Church publications nor given over the pulpit at General Conference, they still reflect the position/attitudes of top general church leaders about crosses and the appropriateness of Latter-day Saints wearing them. They give the interpretive lens that we should be viewing, for instance, the statements of Gordon B. Hinckley and the Gospel Topics article currently on the Church's website. Ashton specifically says "We [i.e. top Church leaders] … try to teach our people" to not wear crosses.
Third, there are other statements from official Church publications that Hilton does not bring up in the course of his article. Notably, there is this statement from the book True to the Faith authored and published by the Church. Keep in mind that True to the Faith is endorsed by the First Presidency in its opening pages, is hosted on the Church’s website, has been cited numerous times in General Conference since its publication, and is a part of the handful of books that the Church allows their missionary force to read and cite to answer the questions of those that are considering joining the Church. The Church has clearly endorsed the contents of the book. If this is not an official statement in an official publication, then there's no telling what is.
From that book:
The cross is used in many Christian churches as a symbol of the Savior’s death and Resurrection and as a sincere expression of faith. As members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, we also remember with reverence the suffering of the Savior. But because the Savior lives, we do not use the symbol of His death as the symbol of our faith. Your life must be the expression of your faith. Remember that when you were baptized and confirmed, you covenanted to take upon yourself the name of Jesus Christ. As your associates observe you, they should be able to sense your love for the Savior and His work. The only members of the Church who wear the symbol of the cross are Latter-day Saint chaplains, who wear it on their military uniforms to show that they are Christian chaplains (emphasis added).[19]
This is clear direction from the Church that they do not want their members wearing and/or displaying crosses.
Fourth, Hilton has misquoted his sources. The Gospel Topics article that he quotes near the beginning of his article contains this passage right after discussing how Latter-day Saints "do not use the symbol of His death as the symbol of our faith."
Our lives must be the expression of our faith. When we are baptized and confirmed, we covenant to take upon ourselves the name of Jesus Christ. The way we live our lives should demonstrate our love for the Savior and His work. [Emphasis added]
It’s clear that Hilton is misinterpreting and misrepresenting his sources and likely deliberately.
Some may still be troubled by the counsel to not wear and/or display a cross and to encourage others to not wear a cross given that there is no indication from scripture that we should refrain from using crosses.
Perhaps the best scriptures that we can cite are Jesus' words about how it will be known that we are his disciples. As he said, "[a] new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another. By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another."[20]
Following the standard can be supported by other scripture. Scriptural injunctions that may support refraining from using the cross include being a peculiar people so as to encourage interest in the Church and thus success in missionary work,[21] practicing meekness/lowliness of heart/humility/easiness to be entreated before the prophets who have asked us not to wear them,[22] and being anxiously engaged in a good cause without God compelling you to do something by explicit revelation,[23]
Returning to peculiarity, the scriptures repeatedly testify that God’s covenant people should be a peculiar people (Deuteronomy 14:2; 26:18; Psalms 135:4; Titus 2:14; 1 Peter 2:9) and that we should be unspotted from the world (James 1:27; Doctrine and Covenants 59:9). By being given and following a strong discouragement of wearing the cross, we can achieve the goal of being peculiar. Not wearing the cross becomes a social identifier—signifying that we are the Lord’s people and wish to be separate from the world.
This separateness can be essential in moving missionary work forward. People are interested in the Church because of the Church’s prohibition of wearing the cross (and other things obviously). Thus, we can achieve more convert baptisms by doing things that go against cultural grain. We can also achieve greater member retention. Indeed, one of the concerns of those that leave the Church is that they perceive that the Church isn’t unique enough among the world’s organizations, and they go elsewhere seeking to be unique and to be seen. Not wearing the cross, while annoying for some at times, can have delayed and even unseen consequences that can be beneficial for us as a people.
The success in being a peculiar people is found precisely in the protests against these "little, cultural rules" that we adhere to as a Church. We've succeeded in being peculiar when news media and even the broader religious world give these rules attention.
Jesus said that we should be a light on a hill and show forth our good works among men and women (Matthew 5:16). This is one way we can do that.
You may not think that God would give commandments just to have us stand out from others, but that's almost certainly what he did in the Old Testament with, for instance, its laws against tattoos in Leviticus 19:28. It very much is a part of the revelation on the Word of Wisdom in Doctrine and Covenants 89. In the last verse, the Lord alludes to when the Israelites put lamb's blood above their doors during the Exodus so that they could identify themselves as the Lord's covenant people before he sent the destroying angel over them. Parts of the Word of Wisdom are about health. The closing verses of the revelation attest to that. But it's also about being a peculiar people.
Some may be concerned to find out that this practice has not been with the Church since the beginning. However, we do emphasize living prophets and their prerogative in changing Church standards. Hilton agrees. But also, recall Doctrine and Covenants 56:4: "Wherefore I, the Lord, command and revoke, as it seemeth me good; and all this to be answered upon the heads of the rebellious, saith the Lord." The Lord could command us all tomorrow to wear blue shirts indefinitely. We couldn't go anywhere or do anything without wearing a blue shirt. Two weeks later, the Lord could rescind the commandment and it would mean nothing about the validity of revelation. Changing commandments does not mean that morality is relative. It just means that there may be a reason for that commandment that we may not fully understand. In this case, what could that reason be? How about the scriptural reasons laid out above? President McKay clearly felt that we needed to distance ourselves a little more from Catholicism and Protestantism. Let's allow him and other Church leaders the authority to direct us. It can even be argued—and strongly!—that, given the historical and current moral scandals that Catholicism and Protestantism have found/currently find themselves in, that is is desirable to create one or more layers of separation like this to get away from being too closely associated with them. The cross is their quintessential symbol. What better way to create separation than by eschewing wearing or displaying it?
Some have said that the Church's standard is against biblical teaching. These critics cite 1 Samuel 16:6–7. Samuel is being directed by the Lord to anoint a new king over Israel among the sons of Jesse: David. Samuel finds Jesse and sees one of his sons Eliab. Samuel then states while looking at Eliab "Surely the Lord’s anointed is before him." To this the Lord responds "Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the Lord seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh on the heart."
Those who criticize the Church on these scriptural grounds assume that the scripture is justifying wearing a cross because what is most important is that you don't judge other people for expressing themselves.
The scripture here does not justify making love only attitudinal. The Lord has sized up the heart of Eliab to see if Eliab will do whatever the Lord asks him to in the position of king. As we have learned, love is a matter of action for the scriptures: what you do.
This stance taken by critics deemphasizes the need to show love to the Lord and the prophets by being meek and lowly of heart. As Christ said in John 14:15, "If ye love me, keep my commandments." Love, to Jesus, is about action. I can say I love God and the prophets until I'm blue in the face but it won't actually mean anything until I do something to show my love for them.
While we should never withhold friendship or love from those that convert to the Church with an affinity for the cross nor from those that are already members of our Church and decide one time to wear one, we also shouldn't be permissive of breaking prophetic counsel.
Some might object that since the Church doesn't explicitly object to CTR rings, tie pins, or other objects that Latter-day Saints use to express their faith, this challenges the view that the cross should be eschewed in Latter-day Saint worship and practice. Those familiar with the history of CTR rings will learn that they were created to help children to choose the right and not as an official (or even semi-official) symbol of our faith. Another article written for LDS Living explains this.[24] They, along with things like the Angel Moroni, have certainly come to be major symbols associated with our faith to the world, but that was by the public's design and not Church leaders' nor members'. More challenging is the garment which is a non-personal "outward expression of an inner commitment to follow the Lord Jesus Christ." What leaders of the Church probably mean is that they want to make our lives and the way we conduct them the only meaningful, outward, public expression of our faith. Even if that principle doesn't play out in a perfectly logical way in the actual world, it's clear that they just want us to not use the cross as a symbol of our faith because of imagery associated with it and because they want to create a layer of separation between us and other religions. It's a perfectly fine request.
Hilton's concerns seem to be borne out of concern and disappointment for the many times that people have decided that they didn't want to convert to our faith or stay active in our faith because they became offended at some of the comments from Church members regarding the cross. That is a totally valid concern and one we should pay close attention to. How do we relate to those that convert to our faith and want to wear the cross or those that are active in our faith but don the cross out of curiosity and other sentimental appeal?
First, we should not make, as Hilton and Eric Huntsman rightly point out, the shortsighted argument that the cross only represents the dead/dying Christ. Symbols can and do have different meanings to different people. Of course, just because the cross means something important to them, that does not mean that we, as Latter-day Saints, can choose to view it differently and, indeed, the cross is a symbol of Christ's death. We can choose to emphasize that he lives today by rejecting the displaying or wearing of crosses. Joseph Fielding Smith's point about daggers and swords quoted in Hilton's article is entirely relevant to considerations about the symbolism of the cross and we can use his rationale when explaining our aversion to the cross. However, it may be best to entirely eschew the point in any discussion about the cross until the person that currently embraces the cross—whether a prospective convert or a member of the Church that decides to wear it out of curiosity— is in a place where they can be more receptive to our way of viewing the cross instead of their own.
The best argument to make is this: "We recognize the cross as the place where Christ culminated his atonement and He is the center of our worship. However, our First Presidency has given us direction that we should not wear the cross and, recognizing them and the authority they have as our leaders, we choose to follow them. They have told us that the we should make our lives and the way that we conduct them the symbol of our worship of Jesus Christ."
Emphasizing that the way we live our lives should be the symbol of our worship of Christ is perhaps the most pastoral and effective approach in dealing with this issue. Indeed, it is also the way that Christ wanted us to symbolize our worship of him. As he said, "[a] new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another. By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another."[25] We can share this scripture with our investigators and visitors when they have concerns about the cross.
Above all else, know what is true and then speak it with absolute love and by the Spirit.
While this is a standard that may be annoying at times, when we humbly follow it, it can have delayed yet still beneficial consequences in helping us build Zion and prepare for the Savior's Second Coming.
Notes
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