241-248

• William Clayton and plural marriage

• William Clayton and plural marriage
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

• See below

William Clayton (edit)

• See also ch. 4: 244, 245, and 247
• See also ch. 7: 445

243

• The book speculates that John Bennett's marriage record "may have been deleted" after his disagreement with Joseph Smith.

• No evidence that Bennett's relationships were ever sanctioned.
• John C. Bennett

• No source provided.

John C. Bennett (edit)

• See also ch. 1: 5
• See also ch. 2: 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, and 73
• See also ch. 2a: 114, 119, 122, and 123-125
• See also ch. 3: 230
• See also ch. 4: 243, 274, and 309
• See also ch. 7: 429

244

• The book speculates that Joseph and Clayton were "conspiring to alter" his wife's "marital status."

• Loaded and prejudicial language
• William Clayton and plural marriage
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

• No source provided.

William Clayton (edit)

• See also ch. 4: 244, 245, and 247
• See also ch. 7: 445

245

• Joseph instructed Clayton to send for Sarah Crookes, a close female friend he had known in England, to which Clayton replied that “nothing further than an attachment such as a brother and sister in the Church might rightfully entertain for each other” occurred between them. “But in fact,” G. D. Smith editorializes darkly, “Clayton’s journal recorded the depth of emotional intimacy he had shared with her."

• William Clayton and plural marriage
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

• Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 32, 41, 52, 29, 556.

William Clayton (edit)

• See also ch. 4: 244, 245, and 247
• See also ch. 7: 445

245

•  Author's quote: "…instead of waiting for [Sarah’s] arrival, [Clayton] married his legal wife’s sister Margaret on April 27. This was before Sarah’s ship had even set sail from England."

• The author strives to paint Clayton as unfaithful to both his first wife (having already had an inappropriate level of emotional intimacy with another woman and the woman against whom he "conspired" with Joseph.
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

• Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 94, 99, 107, 556.

William Clayton (edit)

• See also ch. 4: 244, 245, and 247
• See also ch. 7: 445

247

• The author states:

…Clayton wrote on October 19 about needing to protect "the truth" by telling untruths, in this case the strategic charade of publicly rebuking someone while privately embracing them. Clayton wrote about Smith's advice: "Says he[,] just keep her [Margaret, his plural wife] at home and brook it and if they raise trouble about it and bring you before me I will give you an awful scourging and probably cut you off from the church and then I will baptise you and set you ahead as good as ever." [Italics and quotation marks as in The author's original.]

• The full text from the primary source is the material from "Says he..." to "...good as ever." The emphasis in italics with quotation marks is all the author's—none of the material about protecting "the truth" by telling untruths derives from Clayton or Joseph Smith. Yet, the use of quotation marks and italics, which George D. Smith says have been added to the primary source, makes it appear as if these are Clayton's or Joseph's words, not the author's.

•  Citation error
• The author's source is given as "Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 122 (emphasis added)." No italics have been added by the author to any portion of Clayton's journal. All italicized material is G.D. Smith's words, not Clayton's.

William Clayton (edit)

• See also ch. 4: 244, 245, and 247
• See also ch. 7: 445

247

• The author states that William Clayton's journal " disclosed his own extracurricular romances."

• Loaded and prejudicial language
• William Clayton and plural marriage
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

• No source provided.

William Clayton (edit)

• See also ch. 4: 244, 245, and 247
• See also ch. 7: 445

247

• The author then describes Clayton’s 1853 mission to England, during which, “instead of persuading the flock of the correctness of [polygamy], Clayton contributed to defections and was personally suspected of ‘having had unlawful intercourse with women.’”

• Two hundred pages later, we learn that this suspicion was only because of his [Clayton’s] “discussion of plural marriage” (p. 445), and his [Smith’s] own introduction to Clayton’s journals tell us that the charge was actually raised by an “apostate Mormon,” whom Clayton claimed had maliciously distorted his words, leading to what he called his life’s most painful experience.^[1]
• William Clayton and plural marriage
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

• Smith, Intimate Chronicle, xlviii-l.

William Clayton (edit)

• See also ch. 4: 244, 245, and 247
• See also ch. 7: 445

249

•  Author's quote: "The prophet went on to ask Benjamin [F. Johnson] for his sister Almera [in plural marriage], provoking his protégé to comment that if Smith did anything to 'dishonor or debauch his sister, he would have Benjamin to contend with. As Smith casually deflected this threat, his 'eye did not move from mine,' Johnson reported."

• The author downplays Benjamin's actual threat:

"Brother Joseph This is Something I did not Expect & I do not understand it—You know whether it is right. I do not. I want to do just as you tell me, and I will try. But if I [ever] should Know that you do this to Dishonor & debauch my Sister I will kill you as Shure as the Lord lives"

• Joseph does not "casually deflect" as is claimed. He promises revelation:

"while his eye did not move from mine He Said with a Smile, in a soft tone ‘But Benjamin you will never know that. But you will know the principle is true and will greatly Rejoice in what it will bring to you…"

• Plural marriage spiritual manifestations—Benjamin_Johnson

• Johnson to Gibbs, Apr.-Oct. 1903, 28–29.

250

• Benjamin Johnson is said to have been "[i]mpressed by the prophet's inner calm but not fully convinced."

• The author fails to tell us that Joseph promised Benjamin that he would know for himself. He is not impressed by Joseph's calm, but by Joseph's prophetic assurance of revelation directly to Benjamin:

"But.how I asked. Can I teach my Sister when I mYself do not understand…'But you will See & underStand it' he Said and when you open your mouth to talk to your Sister light will come to you & your mouth will be full. & your toung lose."

• By not telling us this, The author hides the true reason for Johnson's decision to approach his sister, and the fact that his conversion (as recounted by the author) was a fulfillment of Joseph's prophetic promise.
• Plural marriage spiritual manifestations—Benjamin_Johnson

• Johnson to Gibbs, Apr.-Oct. 1903, 28–29.

252

• The author claims that Joseph "was able to wrap himself in the authority of the Bible…."

• Joseph appealed to Biblical models, but always insisted that his authority was his own, from God, not derived from a Bible reading.
• Loaded and prejudicial language

• No source provided.

252

• The author speculates: "In a theological explication, perhaps partly inspired by convenience, Smith saw the church hierarchy as an extended family that would continue to live together in an afterlife community."

• The author here suggests that Joseph's motivations were mercenary and pragmatic, rather than of sincere conviction. Smith ignores the literature on Joseph's deep-felt need and commitment to binding friendship in his personal life and theology.^[2] Such a pervasive theme in his personal and scriptural writing argues against "convenience" as his motivation.
• Loaded and prejudicial language

• Quinn, Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power, 212; Extensions of Power, 163–97; Herbert R. Larsen, "Familism in Mormon Social Structure," Ph.D. diss., U of Utah, 1954.

Joseph Smith: cynical motivations (edit)

• See also ch. 4: 252

253

• Benjamin F. Johnson is claimed to be "representative of the mainstream in LDS practice" because he married seven wives…
• The publisher's response to this original claim generated a new claim: That Joseph "justified taking a monagamist's wife and giving it to a man who already had ten."

• In fact, Johnson had more wives than even the average Nauvoo-era polygamist, and these were a small, highly selected group compared to polygamists in Utah.
• Incidence of polygamy
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)
•  The author or publisher responds: George noted that Benjamin Johnson entered "the mainstream" of LDS practice and married seven wives and added the mild quip that this was "a few short of the model of ten talents." The reviewer responded with two pages documenting that most Utah polygamous households included fewer than seven wives. True enough, but the polygamous pioneers in Nauvoo, whose families averaged 3-4 wives, grew to 6-7 wives per family in Utah—something George discusses at length in his book and the reviewer conceals from readers. What G. L. Smith neglected to explain was Joseph Smith's interpretation of the New Testament parable of the talents, by which the founder of Mormon polygamy justified taking a monagamist's wife and giving it to a man who already had ten. George did not mean to imply by this that a man literally had to have ten wives to qualify for such a program.

• No source provided.

Statistical problems (edit)

• See also ch. Preface: xv
• See also ch. 4: 253 and 289
• See also ch. 8: 535-536

259-260

•  Author's quote: "We do not know how long Joseph Smith had been contemplating polygamy, but the earliest conversations in which he explicitly addressed the topic were in late 1840 and early 1841."

• Joseph reportedly specifically addressed the matter in the first half of the 1830s.
• Initiation of the practice

• No source provided.

263 n. 54

• The author quotes Ann Eliza Young regarding events that happened in 1842: "She wrote that some of the events she related depended upon the 'experience of those so closely connected with me that they have fallen directly under my observation.'"

• Ann Eliza Young was born in 1844 in Nauvoo. It is thus impossible for her to have been a witness of events in 1842.

•  History unclear or in error
• Wife No. 19, 74.

274

• John C. Bennett is claimed to have "publicized Young's clumsy attempt to entice [Martha] Brotherton" into plural marriage.

• The author again tacitly assumes that Bennett's account is reliable and truthful.
• John C. Bennett

John C. Bennett (edit)

• See also ch. 1: 5
• See also ch. 2: 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, and 73
• See also ch. 2a: 114, 119, 122, and 123-125
• See also ch. 3: 230
• See also ch. 4: 243, 274, and 309
• See also ch. 7: 429

276

• Brigham Young is claimed to have had an "overall materialistic theology."

• Loaded and prejudicial language
• Compare with a more informed treatment, which displays a proper grasp of the nuances in both Latter-day Saint and non–Latter-day Saint applications of the term, in Bushman, Rough Stone Rolling, 419–21.
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

• No source provided.

277

• Brigham Young is claimed to have ridiculed geologists who "tell us that this earth has been in existence for thousands and millions of years."

• This is a major distortion of the text. It completely inverts Brigham's meaning. Brigham endorses the idea of an old earth, and criticizes Christian teachers who insist on a young earth.
• Brigham Young as Young Earth Creationist
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

•  Citation error
•  History unclear or in error
• Journal of Discourses 12:271 [Smith provides the wrong citation: should be 14:115.]

281

•  Author's quote: "In part, Smith's organizational labyrinth helped keep the church together…."

• Loaded and prejudicial language

• No source provided.

281 and 281 n. 86

• Brigham Young is claimed to have "worked out a scheme" in which church members were organized into companies of 'tens' and 'fifties'….[footnote] The author then notes that "[t]he first LDS divisions of this kind were in Missouri, where Samson Avard….told men it would soon be their privilege to "….take to yourselves spoils of the goods of the ungodly gentiles."

• The author seems unwilling to let any anti-Mormon trope go unmentioned—we have to have the Danites!
• Avard has nothing to do with plural marriage, but Smith seems unwilling to let an opportunity to make the Saints look bad pass by. The comment from Avard, without adequate context and an understanding that his teachings were criticized, is prejudicial and misleading.
• Loaded and prejudicial language

• Andrew Jenson, "Caldwell County, Missouri," Historical Record 8 [Jan 1889]: 701.

282

•  Author's quote: "a history of the Mormons in the West would be … a history of a mad prophet's visions turned by an American genius into the seed of life."

• Loaded and prejudicial language

• Bernard DeVoto, The Year of Decision: 1846 (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1942), 92-101, 469.

285

•  Author's quote: "When the opposition newspaper appeared and devoted space to polygamy, Smith and the ruling councils had it destroyed."

• The author gives the false impression that this destruction was the act of the Church—it was not; it was done by the civil government, including non-Mormons. The "council" was the Nauvoo City council.
• Smith also presumes that the concern was only about polygamy. He fails to inform the reader about concerns regarding its libelous nature and consequent risk of mob violence.
• For example, Joseph was said to be a “blood thirsty and murderous…demon…in human shape” and “a syncophant ^{[check spelling]}, whose attempt for power find no parallel in history… one of the blackest and basest scoundrels that has appeared upon the stage of human existence since the days of Nero, and Caligula.” He was also accused of causing the death of young women. The author acts instead as if the paper spoke only of polygamy.
• Nauvoo Expositor

• No source provided.

Nauvoo Expositor (edit)

• See also ch. Preface: xii
• See also ch. 4: 285
• See also ch. 6: 408
• See also ch. 7: 435

289

•  Author's quote: "…since institutional histories have minimized the incidence and profile of polygamy (see chapter 1), it is easy to imagine that most men who entered polygamy did so in a cursory way." "In reality, the typical Utah polygamist whose roots in the principle extended back to Nauvoo had between three and four wives, with a higher incidence of large families."

•  Internal contradiction: vi: "...these same polygamists continued marrying to the point that they had acquired an average of nearly six wives per family. This model became the blueprint for forty years of Utah polygamy."
• Smith also fails to note that polygamists "whose roots…[went] back to Nauvoo," were a tiny minority.
• Two thirds of polygamous men in Utah had only two wives, >80% had no more than three. Probably 15-20% practiced polygamy at all.
• Incidence of polygamy
• Gregory L. Smith, A review of Nauvoo Polygamy:...but we called it celestial marriage by George D. Smith. FARMS Review, Vol. 20, Issue 2. (Detailed book review)

• No source provided.

Statistical problems (edit)

• See also ch. Preface: xv
• See also ch. 4: 253 and 289
• See also ch. 8: 535-536

295

• The author states that as Nauvoo was gradually depopulated, it became increasingly lawless.

• The lawlessness of Nauvoo was in part due to the collapse of any police force when the Illinois legislature rescinded the Nauvoo charter.
• Primary sources/Thomas Kane on the decline of Nauvoo

• No source provided.

297

• It is noted that "Mormons brought about 100 black slaves with them to Deseret, representing two percent of the total population, from 1847 to 1850" and that "[s]lavery and polygamy formed a witch's brew that isolated Deseret from the rest of the U.S. through its territorial period to he 1890s."

• Race issues and the Church

• No source provided.

303

•  Author's quote: "No doubt, [Heber C. Kimball's] hesitation [in further plural marriages] had been similar to Young's, due to the weight of responsibilities involved in running church operations and because of the adverse publicity from Bennett's disclosures."

• When the relevant documents are examined, it becomes apparent that Kimball was reluctant to practice plural marriage partly because he knew this was difficult for his first wife, Vilate.^[3]
• (Smith mentions these documents subsequently on pp. 304-305, but prefaces them by telling the reader that Kimball's hesitation was all about pragmatic or public relations issues. Yet, the documents strongly suggest that personal and family issues occupied much of Heber's concern.)

• No source provided.

309

• The author speculates that there would have been six plural husbands in Nauvoo by 1842 if John Bennett "had not been expelled…."

• The author again presumes (with no evidence, and against a great deal of evidence) that Bennett's adulteries were ever sanctioned.
• John C. Bennett

• No source provided.

John C. Bennett (edit)

• See also ch. 1: 5
• See also ch. 2: 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, and 73
• See also ch. 2a: 114, 119, 122, and 123-125
• See also ch. 3: 230
• See also ch. 4: 243, 274, and 309
• See also ch. 7: 429