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Alma<sub>2</sub> explained why the director the Lord gave to Lehi was '''called''' the ''Liahona:'' | Alma<sub>2</sub> explained why the director the Lord gave to Lehi was '''called''' the ''Liahona:'' | ||
− | :...I have somewhat to say concerning the thing which our fathers call a ball, or director — or our fathers called it Liahona, which is, being interpreted, a compass; and the Lord prepared it ( | + | :...I have somewhat to say concerning the thing which our fathers call a ball, or director — or our fathers called it Liahona, which is, being interpreted, a compass; and the Lord prepared it ({{s||Alma|37|38}}).<ref>The Liahona is called a ''compass'' in {{s|1|Nephi|18|12,21}}; {{s|2|Nephi|5|12}}; and {{s||Alma|37|38,43-44}}.</ref> |
Believing it was called a compass because it pointed the direction for Lehi to travel is a natural interpretation by the modern reader. | Believing it was called a compass because it pointed the direction for Lehi to travel is a natural interpretation by the modern reader. | ||
− | *As a verb, the word "compass" occurs frequently in the King James Version of the Bible | + | *As a verb, the word "compass" occurs frequently in the King James Version of the Bible<ref>Biblical references to "compass" can be seen with [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/search?type=words&last=compass&help=&wo=checked&search=compass&iw=bible&tx=checked&hw=checked&bw=1 this search] of the ''lds.org'' scriptures web site.</ref>; and it generally suggests the idea of surrounding or encircling something. Note the following usages: |
**Also he made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, '''round in compass''', and five cubits the height thereof; and a line of thirty cubits ''did compass it round about''. {{b|2|Chronicles|4|2}} | **Also he made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, '''round in compass''', and five cubits the height thereof; and a line of thirty cubits ''did compass it round about''. {{b|2|Chronicles|4|2}} | ||
**They compassed me about; yea, '''they compassed me about''': but in the name of the Lord I will destroy them. {{b||Psalms|118|11}} | **They compassed me about; yea, '''they compassed me about''': but in the name of the Lord I will destroy them. {{b||Psalms|118|11}} | ||
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**From the wicked that oppress me, from my deadly enemies, who '''compass me about'''. {{b||Psalms|17|9}} | **From the wicked that oppress me, from my deadly enemies, who '''compass me about'''. {{b||Psalms|17|9}} | ||
− | *In a few cases (e.g. | + | *In a few cases (e.g. {{b||Exodus|27|5}}; {{b||Proverbs|8|27}}; {{b||Isaiah|44|13}}) it is used as a noun, and suggests something which encircles another thing. |
− | *A third common situation in the KJV is the use of the phrase "to fetch a compass" (e.g., | + | *A third common situation in the KJV is the use of the phrase "to fetch a compass" (e.g., {{b||Numbers|34|5}}; {{b||Joshua|15|3}}; {{b||Acts|28|13}}), which if not recognized as a verbal phrase could be wrongly seen as presenting "compass" as a noun. |
In every case, it is clear that, at least in Jacobean England, the word was regularly treated as meaning either ''a round object,'' or ''something which moved in a curved fashion.'' | In every case, it is clear that, at least in Jacobean England, the word was regularly treated as meaning either ''a round object,'' or ''something which moved in a curved fashion.'' | ||
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If critics insist on reading this as a "mariner's compass," even this may not be as anachronistic as they have assumed. | If critics insist on reading this as a "mariner's compass," even this may not be as anachronistic as they have assumed. | ||
− | Naturally-occurring magnetic ore was being mined by the 7th century B.C., and its magnetic properties were first discussed by the early philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales Thales] of Miletos around 600 B.C.{{ | + | Naturally-occurring magnetic ore was being mined by the 7th century B.C., and its magnetic properties were first discussed by the early philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales Thales] of Miletos around 600 B.C.<ref>{{Reexploring1| author=Robert F. Smith|article=Lodestone and the Liahona|start=Chapter 12}} {{link1|url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=71&chapid=778}}</ref> |
− | Non-LDS astronomer John Carlson reported finding a Olmec hematite artifact in Mesoamerica, which was radio-dated to 1600 to 1000 B.C. If Carlson is right, this usage "predates the Chinese discovery of the geomagnetic lodestone compass by more than a millennium." | + | Non-LDS astronomer John Carlson reported finding a Olmec hematite artifact in Mesoamerica, which was radio-dated to 1600 to 1000 B.C. If Carlson is right, this usage "predates the Chinese discovery of the geomagnetic lodestone compass by more than a millennium."<ref>John B. Carlson, "[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/189/4205/753 Lodestone Compass: Chinese or Olmec Primacy? Multidisciplinary Analysis of an Olmec Hematite Artifact from San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mexico]," ''Science'' 189, No. 4205 (5 September 1975): 753-760. See also R. H. Fuson, "The Orientation of Mayan Ceremonial Centers," ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 59 (September 1969): 508-10; E. C. Baity, "Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy So Far," ''Current Anthropology'' 14 (October 1973): 443.</ref> Other researchers have suggested the metal is simply part of an ornament,<ref>Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei-Djen, ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=He9RaFN8IF4C&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21#v=onepage&q=&f=false Trans-Pacific Echoes and Resonances: Listening Once Again]'' (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1985), 21.</ref> though Mesoamericanist Michael Coe has suggested the use of such ores as floating compasses.<ref>Smith, "Lodestone and the Liahona"; see also Michael D. Coe, ''America's First Civilization'' (New York, 1970).</ref> Such examples demonstrate how a single find can radically alter what archaeology tells us is "impossible" with regard to the Book of Mormon text. |
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{{FurtherReading}} | {{FurtherReading}} | ||
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{{Articles Footer 1}} {{Articles Footer 2}} {{Articles Footer 3}} {{Articles Footer 4}} {{Articles Footer 5}} {{Articles Footer 6}} {{Articles Footer 7}} {{Articles Footer 8}} {{Articles Footer 9}} {{Articles Footer 10}} | {{Articles Footer 1}} {{Articles Footer 2}} {{Articles Footer 3}} {{Articles Footer 4}} {{Articles Footer 5}} {{Articles Footer 6}} {{Articles Footer 7}} {{Articles Footer 8}} {{Articles Footer 9}} {{Articles Footer 10}} | ||
[[es:El Libro de Mormón/Anacronismos/Brújula]] | [[es:El Libro de Mormón/Anacronismos/Brújula]] | ||
+ | [[es:Anacronismos del Libro de Mormón: Brújula]] | ||
[[de:Das Buch Mormon/Anachronismen/Kompass]] | [[de:Das Buch Mormon/Anachronismen/Kompass]] | ||
[[fr:Book of Mormon/Anachronisms/Compass]] | [[fr:Book of Mormon/Anachronisms/Compass]] |
Critics charge that the description of the Liahona as a "compass" is anachronistic because the magnetic compass was not known in 600 B.C.
To see citations to the critical sources for these claims, click here
To use the word compass as a name for a round or curved object is well attested in both the King James Version of the Bible and the Oxford English Dictionary. The Book of Mormon refers to the Liahona as "a compass" not because it anachronistically pointed the way to travel, but because it was a perfectly round object.
The Liahona was given by the Lord as a communications device for Lehi to determine the appropriate direction of travel. This device contained two pointers, only one of which was necessary to provide directional information. But the Liahona was more than just a simple compass in function, for it additionally required faith for correct operation. Since a single pointer always "points" in some direction, the additional pointer was necessary to indicate whether or not the first pointer could be relied upon. This proposed purpose for the second pointer conforms to a well-established engineering principle used in modern fault-tolerant computer systems called "voting," in which two identical process states are compared and declared correct if they are the same, and incorrect if they are different. Hence the second pointer, when coincident with the first, would indicate proper operation, and when orthogonal, would indicate nonoperation.
1 Nephi 16:10, 30
This object did give directions, however this object was referred as "a compass" because it was a perfectly round object.
Alma2 explained why the director the Lord gave to Lehi was called the Liahona:
Believing it was called a compass because it pointed the direction for Lehi to travel is a natural interpretation by the modern reader.
In every case, it is clear that, at least in Jacobean England, the word was regularly treated as meaning either a round object, or something which moved in a curved fashion.
Further evidence of the archaic meaning of the word comes from a study of the rather lengthy listing for the word in the Oxford English Dictionary. It includes definition 5.b.:
If critics insist on reading this as a "mariner's compass," even this may not be as anachronistic as they have assumed.
Naturally-occurring magnetic ore was being mined by the 7th century B.C., and its magnetic properties were first discussed by the early philosopher Thales of Miletos around 600 B.C.[3]
Non-LDS astronomer John Carlson reported finding a Olmec hematite artifact in Mesoamerica, which was radio-dated to 1600 to 1000 B.C. If Carlson is right, this usage "predates the Chinese discovery of the geomagnetic lodestone compass by more than a millennium."[4] Other researchers have suggested the metal is simply part of an ornament,[5] though Mesoamericanist Michael Coe has suggested the use of such ores as floating compasses.[6] Such examples demonstrate how a single find can radically alter what archaeology tells us is "impossible" with regard to the Book of Mormon text.
Notes
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