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Difference between revisions of "Mormonism and Wikipedia/Joseph Smith, Jr./1827 to 1830"
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| − | ===Founding a | + | ===Founding a church (1827–30) {{WikipediaUpdate|7/3/2010}}=== |
{{Main|Life of Joseph Smith, Jr. from 1827 to 1830}} | {{Main|Life of Joseph Smith, Jr. from 1827 to 1830}} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | In October 1827, Smith and his | + | In October 1827, Smith and his pregnant |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
*{{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=55}}. | *{{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=55}}. | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | wife moved from Palmyra to Harmony (now [[Oakland Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania|Oakland),Pennsylvania]], | + | wife moved from Palmyra to Harmony (now [[Oakland Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania|Oakland), Pennsylvania]], |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt|Newell| | + | *{{Harvtxt|Newell|Avery|1994|p=2}}. |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | Smith transcribed some of the | + | Smith transcribed some of the characters, written in what he called "[[reformed Egyptian]]", that were engraved on the plates and dictated their translations to his wife. |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
*{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=63}}; {{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=56}}; {{Harvtxt|Roberts|1902|p=19}};{{Harvtxt|Howe|1834|pp=270–71}} (Smith sat behind a curtain and passed transcriptions to his wife or her brother). | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=63}}; {{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=56}}; {{Harvtxt|Roberts|1902|p=19}};{{Harvtxt|Howe|1834|pp=270–71}} (Smith sat behind a curtain and passed transcriptions to his wife or her brother). | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | Smith said | + | For at least some of his earliest translation, Smith said he used a "[[Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)|Urim and Thummim]]", |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt|Smith| | + | *{{Harvtxt|Smith|Mulholland|Thompson|Phelps|Richards|1839–1843|p=9}} (describing early translation with the Urim and Thummim from December 1827 to February 1828); {{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=57}} (noting that Emma Smith said that Smith started translating with the Urim and Thummim and then eventually used his dark seer stone exclusively); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=66}}; {{Harvtxt|Quinn|1998|pp=169–70}} (noting that, according to witnesses, Smith's early translation with the two-stone Urim and Thummim spectacles involved placing the spectacles in his hat, and that the spectacles were too large to actually wear). In one 1842 statement, Smith said that "[t]hrough the medium of the Urim and Thummim I translated the record by the gift, the power of God." {{Harv|Smith|1842|p=707}}. There is debate as to whether or not this statement is consistent with his known use of a [[seer stone (Latter Day Saints)|seer stone]] other than the Urim and Thummim. {{harv|Quinn|1998|p=175}} argues that the term ''Urim and Thummim'' was a generic term early Mormons used to refer to all of Smith's seer stones. {{Harv|Persuitte|2000|p=81–83}} interprets Smith to say that he translated the entire [[Book of Mormon]] with the two stones found with the plates, which would be in flat contradiction with his documented use of the chocolate-colored seer stone. |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | a | + | a pair of [[seer stone (Latter Day Saints)|seer stones]] he said were buried with the [[golden plates]]. |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt|Smith| | + | *{{Harvtxt|Smith|Mulholland|Thompson|Phelps|Richards|1839–1843|p=4}} (stating that deposited with the plates were "two stones in silver bows" and stating that "these stones fastened into a breastplate constituted what is called the Urim & Thummim...."); {{Harvtxt|Smith|1842|p=707}} (describing "a curious instrument which the ancients called 'Urim and Thummim,' which consisted of two transparent stones set in the rim of a bow fastened to a breastplate."). |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | + | Later translation, however, was with a single chocolate-colored stone he had found in 1822 and used for treasure hunting. | |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *Smith | + | *{{Harv|Quinn|1998|p=171–73}} (witnesses said that Smith shifted from the Urim and Thummim to the single brown seer stone after the loss of the earliest [[Lost 116 pages|116 manuscript pages]]); {{Harvtxt|Persuitte|2000|p=81–82}} (none of the existing [[Book of Mormon]] transcript was created using the Urim and Thummim); {{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=57}} (noting that [[Emma Hale Smith|Emma Smith]] said that after 1828, Smith used his dark seer stone exclusively). |
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | |||
*Use of the Nephite interpreters (the "spectacles") would have occurred during the early part of the translation process, before the loss of the 116 pages, after which Joseph may have switched to using his seer stone. This is also the period of time during which it appears that a blanket was hung to shield Joseph and the plates from view. | *Use of the Nephite interpreters (the "spectacles") would have occurred during the early part of the translation process, before the loss of the 116 pages, after which Joseph may have switched to using his seer stone. This is also the period of time during which it appears that a blanket was hung to shield Joseph and the plates from view. | ||
*{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Translation}} | *{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Translation}} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | + | In a manner similar to his method for finding treasure, | |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=71–72}}; {{Harvtxt|Marquardt|Walters|1994|pp=103–04}}; {{Harvtxt|Van Wagoner|Walker|1982|p=52–53}} (citing numerous witnesses of the translation process). | + | *{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1998|p=173}} ("[T]he actual translation process was strikingly similar to the way Smith used the same stone for treasure-hunting."); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005}} (In using the divining power of stones, Smith blended the magic culture of his upbringing with inspired translation.). |
| + | |response= | ||
| + | *{{Detail|Joseph Smith/Money digging}} | ||
| + | *{{Detail|Joseph Smith/Seer stones}} | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | he claimed he translated by gazing at the stone or stones in the bottom of his hat, excluding all light so that he could see the translated words. | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=71–72}}; {{Harvtxt|Marquardt|Walters|1994|pp=103–04}}; {{Harvtxt|Van Wagoner|Walker|1982|p=52–53}} (citing numerous witnesses of the translation process); {{Harvtxt|Quinn|1998|pp=169–70, 173}} (describing similar methods for both the two-stone Urim and Thummim and the chocolate seer stone). | ||
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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*{{Detail|Joseph Smith/Seer stones|Book of Mormon/Translation/Method}} | *{{Detail|Joseph Smith/Seer stones|Book of Mormon/Translation/Method}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===== ===== | ===== ===== | ||
{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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The plates themselves were not directly consulted. | The plates themselves were not directly consulted. | ||
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | + | {{Harvtxt|Van Wagoner|Walker|1982|p=53}} ("The plates could not have been used directly in the translation process."); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=71–72}} (Joseph did not pretend to look at the 'reformed Egyptian' words, the language on the plates, according to the book's own description. The plates lay covered on the table, while Joseph's head was in the hat looking at the seerstone...."); {{Harvtxt|Marquardt|Walters|1994|pp=103–04}} ("When it came to translating the crucial plates, they were no more present in the room than was John the Beloved's ancient 'parchment', the words of which Joseph also dictated at the time."). | |
|response= | |response= | ||
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*{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Translation}} | *{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Translation}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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[Martin Harris] says he wrote a considerable part of the book, as Smith dictated, and at one time the presence of the Lord was so great, that a screen was hung up between him and the Prophet; at other times the Prophet would sit in a different room, or up stairs, while the Lord was communicating to him the contents of the plates. | [Martin Harris] says he wrote a considerable part of the book, as Smith dictated, and at one time the presence of the Lord was so great, that a screen was hung up between him and the Prophet; at other times the Prophet would sit in a different room, or up stairs, while the Lord was communicating to him the contents of the plates. | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
| + | *Note that the use of the curtain appears to have occurred during the early period of translation when the Nephite interpreters were being employed. The use of the curtain many have served to screen both the plates and Nephite interpreters from view. After the loss of the 116 pages, removal of the Nephite interpreters by Moroni, and Joseph's subsequent use of the seer stone, the translation appears to have taken place in plain view and the curtain is not present. | ||
*{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Translation|Book of Mormon/Translation/Method}} | *{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Translation|Book of Mormon/Translation/Method}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | Smith considered giving up the translation because of opposition from his in-laws, | + | Smith may have considered giving up the translation because of opposition from his in-laws, |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt| | + | *{{Harvtxt|Morgan|1986|p=280}}. |
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | * | + | *Given that Joseph was commanded by God to perform the translation, this is highly unlikely. There are some additional secondary hostile sources which are used to support this assertion: |
| + | **{{Harvtxt|Booth|1831}} (Smith "had given [the translation] up, on account of the opposition of his wife and others".) | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Howe|1834|p=266}} (Smith confided to Emma's uncle, a [[Methodism|Methodist]] deacon, that despite the commandment from God, "he was afraid of the people"); *{{Harvtxt|Phelps|1833|p=7}} (July 1828 revelation rebuking Smith because he had often "gone on in the persuasions of men...behold, you should not have feared man more than God"). | ||
| + | *With regard to a statement made by Nathaniel Lewis, t should be noted that the there are many inconsistencies that do not correlate with things that Joseph is known to have said regarding the plates, the witnesses and the translation. | ||
#Joseph never stated to anyone that he asked advice from a Methodist preacher as to whether or not he should translate the plates. | #Joseph never stated to anyone that he asked advice from a Methodist preacher as to whether or not he should translate the plates. | ||
#Joseph never stated that he considered ''not'' translating the plates because he was "afraid of the people." | #Joseph never stated that he considered ''not'' translating the plates because he was "afraid of the people." | ||
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by taking the [[Anthon transcript|characters]] and their translations to a few prominent scholars. | by taking the [[Anthon transcript|characters]] and their translations to a few prominent scholars. | ||
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=63–64}} (the plan to use a scholar to authenticate the characters was part of a vision received by Harris; author notes that [[Lucy Mack Smith|Smith's mother]] said the plan to authenticate the characters was arranged between Smith and Harris before Harris left Palmyra); {{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=57–58}} (noting that the plan arose from a vision of Martin Harris). According to {{Harv|Bushman|2005|p=64}}, these scholars probably included at least [[Luther Bradish]] in [[Albany, New York]] {{Harv|Lapham|1870}}, [[Samuel L. Mitchill]] of New York City ({{Harv|Hadley|1829}}; {{Harvnb|Jessee|1976|p=3}}), and [[Charles Anthon]] of New York City {{Harv|Howe|1834|pp= | + | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=63–64}} (the plan to use a scholar to authenticate the characters was part of a vision received by Harris; author notes that [[Lucy Mack Smith|Smith's mother]] said the plan to authenticate the characters was arranged between Smith and Harris before Harris left Palmyra); {{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=57–58}} (noting that the plan arose from a vision of Martin Harris). According to {{Harv|Bushman|2005|p=64}}, these scholars probably included at least [[Luther Bradish]] in [[Albany, New York]] {{Harv|Lapham|1870}}, [[Samuel L. Mitchill]] of New York City ({{Harv|Hadley|1829}}; {{Harvnb|Jessee|1976|p=3}}), and [[Charles Anthon]] of New York City {{Harv|Howe|1834|pp=269–272}}. |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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Harris then lost the manuscript—of which there was no copy—at about the same time as Smith's wife Emma gave birth to a [[stillbirth|stillborn]] son. | Harris then lost the manuscript—of which there was no copy—at about the same time as Smith's wife Emma gave birth to a [[stillbirth|stillborn]] son. | ||
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | * | + | *During this dark period, Smith briefly attended his in-laws' [[Methodism|Methodist]] church, but one of Emma's cousins "objected to the inclusion of a 'practicing necromancer' on the Methodist roll," and Smith voluntarily withdrew rather than face a disciplinary hearing. {{Harv|Bushman|2005|pp=69–70}}. |
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | *{{ | + | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} |
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Smith said the [[angel Moroni|angel]] had taken away the plates and he had lost his ability to translate | Smith said the [[angel Moroni|angel]] had taken away the plates and he had lost his ability to translate | ||
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harv|Phelps|1833|loc=sec. 2: | + | *{{Harv|Phelps|1833|loc=sec. 2:4–5}} (revelation dictated by Smith stating that his gift to translate was temporarily revoked); {{Harvtxt|Smith|1832|p=5}} (stating that the angel had taken away the plates and the Urim and Thummim). |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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Smith did not begin translating again in earnest until April 1829, when he met [[Oliver Cowdery]], a teacher and [[dowsing|dowser]], | Smith did not begin translating again in earnest until April 1829, when he met [[Oliver Cowdery]], a teacher and [[dowsing|dowser]], | ||
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=73}} ("Cowdery was open to belief in Joseph's powers because he had come to Harmony the possessor of a supernatural gift | + | *{{Harvtxt|Hill|1977|p=86}} (Cowdery had brought with him a "rod of nature," perhaps acquired while he was among his father's religious group in Vermont, who believed that certain rods had spiritual properties and could be used in divining."); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=73}} ("Cowdery was open to belief in Joseph's powers because he had come to Harmony the possessor of a supernatural gift alluded to in a revelation..." and his family had apparently engaged in treasure seeking and other magical practices.){{Harvtxt|Quinn|1998|p=35-36, 121}}. |
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | |||
*Oliver himself may have used a divining rod, although there is no evidence that it was used for treasure-seeking. According to the cited source, "Most likely, Cowdery used a rod to discover water and minerals." (Bushman, p. 73). | *Oliver himself may have used a divining rod, although there is no evidence that it was used for treasure-seeking. According to the cited source, "Most likely, Cowdery used a rod to discover water and minerals." (Bushman, p. 73). | ||
| + | *It should be noted that in the original draft of the revelation mentioning the "rod of nature," that the instrument was referred to as the "sprout" and the "thing of Nature." The change in text of these items to "rod of nature" was made by Sidney Rigdon. | ||
| + | <blockquote> | ||
| + | ..remember this is thy gift now this is not all for thou hast another gift which is the gift of working with the sprout Behold it hath told you things Behold there is no other power save God that can cause this thing of Nature to work in your hands. (Revelation, April 1829–B [D&C 8], in Robin Scott Jensen, Robert J. Woodford, and Stephen C. Harper, eds., Manuscript Revelation Books, vol. 1 of the Revelations and Translations series of ''The Joseph Smith Papers'', ed. Dean C. Jessee, Ronald K. Esplin, and Richard Lyman Bushman (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2009), 17. ) | ||
| + | </blockquote> | ||
*{{Detail|Doctrine and Covenants/Oliver Cowdery and the "rod of nature"}} | *{{Detail|Doctrine and Covenants/Oliver Cowdery and the "rod of nature"}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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*{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=74}} (Smith and Cowdery began translating where the narrative left off after the [[lost 116 pages]], now representing the [[Book of Mosiah]]. A revelation would later direct them not to re-translate the lost text, to ensure that the lost pages could not later be found and compared to the re-translation.). | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=74}} (Smith and Cowdery began translating where the narrative left off after the [[lost 116 pages]], now representing the [[Book of Mosiah]]. A revelation would later direct them not to re-translate the lost text, to ensure that the lost pages could not later be found and compared to the re-translation.). | ||
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | |||
*{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Translation/The lost 116 pages}} | *{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Translation/The lost 116 pages}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | and then moved to [[Fayette, New York]] where they continued to work at the home of Cowdery's friend [[Peter Whitmer]]. When the translation spoke of an institutional church and a requirement for baptism, Smith and Cowdery | + | and then moved to [[Fayette, New York]] where they continued to work at the home of Cowdery's friend [[Peter Whitmer]]. When the translation spoke of an institutional church and a requirement for baptism, Smith and Cowdery baptized each other, |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
*{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=5–6, 38}} (contrasting the 1829 view with the churchless Mormonism of 1828); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=74–75}}. | *{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=5–6, 38}} (contrasting the 1829 view with the churchless Mormonism of 1828); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=74–75}}. | ||
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*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | |||
===== ===== | ===== ===== | ||
{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | + | years later claiming that [[John the Baptist]] had appeared and ordained them to [[Aaronic priesthood|a priesthood]]. | |
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*{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=15–20}} (noting that Mormon records and publications contain no mention of any angelic conferral of authority until 1834); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=75}} (posing Mormon apologetic theories for the five-year delay in mentioning the vision of John the Baptist). | *{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=15–20}} (noting that Mormon records and publications contain no mention of any angelic conferral of authority until 1834); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=75}} (posing Mormon apologetic theories for the five-year delay in mentioning the vision of John the Baptist). | ||
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | *{{WikipediaNPOV|editor=COgden|wikipedialink=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Smith,_Jr.&diff=337562691&oldid=337510660}}The phrase "Mormon apologetic theories" is misunderstood by most lay members as "apologizing." Its use here is | + | *{{WikipediaNPOV|editor=COgden|wikipedialink=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Smith,_Jr.&diff=337562691&oldid=337510660}}The phrase "Mormon apologetic theories" is misunderstood by most lay members as "apologizing." Its use here is pejorative. |
*{{Detail|Apologetics}} | *{{Detail|Apologetics}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | Smith asked a group of [[Book of Mormon witnesses|eleven witnesses]], including Martin Harris and male members of the Whitmer and Smith families, to sign a statement testifying that they had seen the golden plates. | + | Smith asked a group of [[Book of Mormon witnesses|eleven witnesses]], including Martin Harris and male members of the Whitmer and Smith families, to sign a statement testifying that they had seen the golden plates, and in the case of the latter eight witnesses, had actually hefted the plates. |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harv|Bushman|2005|pp=77–79}}. There were two statements, one by a set of [[Three Witnesses]] and another by a set of [[Eight Witnesses]]. The two testimonies are undated, and the exact dates on which the Witnesses are said to have seen the plates is unknown. | + | *{{Harv|Bushman|2005|pp=77–79}}. There were two statements, one by a set of [[Three Witnesses]] and another by a set of [[Eight Witnesses]]. The two testimonies are undated, and the exact dates on which the Witnesses are said to have seen the plates is unknown. |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | + | Some secular scholars argue that the witnesses thought they saw the plates with their "spiritual eyes," or that Smith showed them something physical like fabricated tin plates, or that they signed the statement out of loyalty or under pressure from Smith. | |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
*{{Harvtxt|Vogel|2004|pp=466–69}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=79}}. | *{{Harvtxt|Vogel|2004|pp=466–69}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=79}}. | ||
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According to Smith, the [[angel Moroni]] took back the plates after Smith was finished using them. | According to Smith, the [[angel Moroni]] took back the plates after Smith was finished using them. | ||
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt|Smith| | + | *{{Harvtxt|Smith|Mulholland|Thompson|Phelps|Richards|1839–1843|p=8}}. |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
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| − | The translation, known as the [[Book of Mormon]], was published in Palmyra on March 26, 1830 by printer [[Egbert Bratt Grandin|E. B. Grandin]]. | + | The translation, known as the [[Book of Mormon]], was published in Palmyra on March 26, 1830, by printer [[Egbert Bratt Grandin|E. B. Grandin]]. |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
*{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=82}}. | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=82}}. | ||
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Soon thereafter on April 6, 1830, Smith and his followers formally organized the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]], | Soon thereafter on April 6, 1830, Smith and his followers formally organized the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]], | ||
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *Scholars and eye-witnesses disagree whether the church was organized in Manchester, New York at the Smith log home, or in [[Fayette, New York|Fayette]] at | + | *Scholars and eye-witnesses disagree whether the church was organized in [[Manchester (town), New York|Manchester, New York]] at the Smith log home, or in [[Fayette, New York|Fayette]] at the home of [[Peter Whitmer]]. {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=109}}; {{Harvtxt|Marquardt|2005|pp=223–23}} (arguing that organization in Manchester is most consistent with eye-witness statements). |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaMissingRef}} Several Fayette references are missing. | *{{WikipediaMissingRef}} Several Fayette references are missing. | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | and small branches were established in Palmyra, Fayette, and [[Colesville, New York]] | + | and small branches were established in Palmyra, Fayette, and [[Colesville, New York]]. |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{ | + | *{{Harvtxt|Phelps|1833|p=55}} (noting that by July 1830, the church was "in Colesville, Fayette, and Manchester"). |
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | *{{ | + | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} |
}} | }} | ||
| + | |||
===== ===== | ===== ===== | ||
{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | + | The Book of Mormon brought Smith regional notoriety, | |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{ | + | *{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|pp=80–82}}. |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{WikipediaCorrect}} | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
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{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | + | but also strong opposition by those who remembered Smith's money-digging and his 1826 trial near Colesville. | |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt| | + | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=117}}(noting that area residents connected the discovery of the Book of Mormon with Smith's past career as a money digger);{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971}} (discussing organized boycott of Book of Mormon by Palmyra residents, p. 80, and opposition by Colesville and Bainbridge residents who remembered the 1826 trial, p. 87). |
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | *{{ | + | *{{Detail|Joseph Smith/Legal trials/1826 glasslooking trial}} |
| − | + | *{{Detail|Joseph Smith/Money digging}} | |
| − | + | }} | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ===== ===== | |
| − | + | {{WikipediaPassage | |
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | Soon after Smith reportedly performed an [[exorcism]] in Colesville, | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=86}} (describing the exorcism). | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | |||
===== ===== | ===== ===== | ||
{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | + | he was again tried as a [[vagrancy (people)|disorderly person]] but was acquitted. | |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | + | {{Harv|Bushman|2005|pp=116–17}}. | |
|response= | |response= | ||
| + | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
*From the cited source, | *From the cited source, | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
| − | + | When village toughs failed to stop the baptisms, the law stepped in. Before the newly baptized members could be confirmed, a constable from South Bainbridge delivered a warrant for Joseph's arrest. Doctor A. W. Benton of Chenago County, whom Joseph Knight called a "catspaw" of a group of vagabonds, brought charges against Joseph as a disorderly person. (Bushman, p. 116). | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | Even so, Smith and Cowdery had to flee Colesville to escape a gathering mob. Probably referring to this period of flight, Smith told years later of hearing the voices of [[Saint Peter|Peter]], [[James, son of Zebedee|James]], and [[John the Apostle|John]] who he said gave Smith and Cowdery an apostolic authority. | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|pp=24–26}}; {{Harv|Bushman|2005|p=118}}. | ||
| + | |response= | ||
| + | *{{WikipediaCorrect}} | ||
| + | *{{Detail|Priesthood/Restoration/Melchizedek/Date}} | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | When [[Oliver Cowdery]] and other church members attempted to exercise independent authority | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=120}} ("Oliver Cowdery and the Whitmer family began to conceive of themselves as independent authorities with the right to correct Joseph and receive revelation."). | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | —as when [[Eight Witnesses|Book of Mormon witness]] [[Orson Hyde]] used his [[seer stone (Latter Day Saints)|seer stone]] to locate the American [[New Jerusalem]] prophesied by the [[Book of Mormon]] | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Roberts|1902|pp=109–110}}. | ||
| + | |response= | ||
| + | *{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Geography/New World/Great Lakes geography/Location of Zion}} | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
===== ===== | ===== ===== | ||
{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | + | —Smith responded by establishing himself as the sole [[prophet]]. | |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt| | + | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=121}}; {{Harvtxt|Phelps|1833|p=67}} ("[N]o one shall be appointed to receive commandments and revelations in this church, excepting my servant Joseph, for he receiveth them even as Moses."). |
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | Smith disputed Hyde's location for the New Jerusalem, | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Phelps|1833|p=68}} ("[I]t is not revealed, and no man knoweth where the city shall be built."). | ||
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | {{ | + | *{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Geography/New World/Great Lakes geography/Location of Zion}} |
}} | }} | ||
| Line 504: | Line 536: | ||
{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | + | but dispatched Cowdery to lead a mission to [[Missouri]] to find its ''true'' location | |
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *{{Harvtxt| | + | *{{Harvtxt|Phelps|1833|p=68}} ("The New Jerusalem "shall be on the borders by the [[Lamanite]]s."); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=122}} (church members knew that "on the borders by the Lamanites" referred to Western Missouri, and Cowdery's mission in part was to "locate the place of the New Jerusalem along this frontier"). |
|response= | |response= | ||
*{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Geography/New World/Great Lakes geography/Location of Zion}} | *{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Geography/New World/Great Lakes geography/Location of Zion}} | ||
| Line 514: | Line 546: | ||
{{WikipediaPassage | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
|claim= | |claim= | ||
| − | + | and to proselytize the Native Americans. | |
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Phelps|1833|p=67–68}} (Cowdery "shall go unto the [[Lamanite]]s and preach my gospel unto them".). | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | Smith also dictated a lost "Book of Enoch," telling how the [[Enoch (Biblical figure)|Biblical Enoch]] had established a [[Zion (Latter Day Saints)|city of Zion]] of such civic goodness that God had [[translation (Latter Day Saints)|taken it to heaven]]. | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=96}} (noting that this was Smith's third attempt since the [[Book of Mormon]] at revealing "lost books," the first being the "parchment of John" produced in 1829, and the second the [[Book of Moses]] dictated in June 1830. | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | On their way to Missouri, Cowdery's party passed through the [[Kirtland, Ohio]] area and converted [[Sidney Rigdon]] and over a hundred members of his [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)|Disciples of Christ]] congregation, | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=124}}; {{Harvtxt|Roberts|1902|pp=120–124}}. | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | more than doubling the size of the church. | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *F. Mark McKiernan, "The Conversion of Sidney Rigdon to Mormonism," ''Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought'', 5 (Summer 1970): 77. Parley Pratt said that the Mormon mission baptized 127 within two or three weeks "and this number soon increased to one thousand." McKiernan argues that "Rigdon's conversion and the missionary effort which followed transformed Mormonism from a New York-based sect with about a hundred members into one which was a major threat to Protestantism in the Western Reserve." | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | Rigdon visited New York and quickly became second in command of the church, | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=96}} ("When Rigdon read the Book of Enoch, the scholar in him fled and the evangelist stepped into the place of second in command of the millennial church."). | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | to the discomfort of Smith's earlier followers. | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=123–24}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=96–97}}. | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | In the face of acute and growing opposition in New York, Smith announced that Kirtland was the "eastern boundary" of the New Jerusalem, | ||
|authorsources= | |authorsources= | ||
| − | *[ | + | *{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=97}} (citing letter by Smith to Kirtland converts, quoted in {{Harvtxt|Howe|1833|p=111}}). In 1834, Smith designated Kirtland as one of the "[[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|stakes]]" of Zion, referring to the tent–stakes metaphor of [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] 54:2. |
|response= | |response= | ||
| − | *{{ | + | *{{Detail|Book of Mormon/Geography/New World/Great Lakes geography/Location of Zion}} |
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== ===== | ||
| + | {{WikipediaPassage | ||
| + | |claim= | ||
| + | and that the Saints must gather there. | ||
| + | |authorsources= | ||
| + | *{{Harvtxt|Phelps|1833|pp=79–80}} ("And again, a commandment I give unto the church, that it is expedient in me that they should assemble together in the Ohio, until the time that my servant Oliver Cowdery shall return unto them."); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=124–25}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=96}} (noting that Rigdon had urged Smith to return with him to Ohio). | ||
}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 09:50, 3 July 2010
- REDIRECTTemplate:Test3
| Early years | A FairMormon Analysis of Wikipedia: Mormonism and Wikipedia/Joseph Smith, Jr. A work by a collaboration of authors (Link to Wikipedia article here)
|
1831 to 1838 |
| The name Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. Wikipedia content is copied and made available under the GNU Free Documentation License. |
An analysis of Wikipedia article "Joseph Smith, Jr."
Every witness to Joseph Smith's translation of the Book of Mormon said that he looked at a stone in his hat. Arguing that Smith never said how he translated is arguing from silence. There is no evidence for anything else but the hat and just Mormon embarrassment at how silly this method must seem to most prospective converts today.....The burden of proof is on you. There are no accounts of Smith translating that indicate he used any other method but the hat. You can't argue from silence. Where are the references to any other method? Even the father of lies himself didn't spell one out.....Baloney. No other eyewitness said there was any other method. No scholarship argues for any other method. You're just pushing this POV because there's no reason to preserve golden plates for generations if Smith made no use of them. But according to all eyewitnesses that's exactly what happened. Embarrassing, isn't it?
—Hi540 insisting that the stone-in-hat was the only Book of Mormon translation method ever documented, 23 October 2009 off-site
Reviews of previous revisions of this section
Founding a church (1827–30) Updated 7/3/2010
From the Wikipedia article:
In October 1827, Smith and his pregnant
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Remini (2002) , p. 55.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
wife moved from Palmyra to Harmony (now Oakland), Pennsylvania,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Newell (Avery) , p. 2.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
aided by money from their well-to-do neighbor Martin Harris.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 62–63; Walker (1986) , p. 35; Remini (2002) , p. 55 (Harris' money allowed Smith to pay his debts and thus allowed him to move without being arrested for evading his creditors); Smith (1853) , p. 113; Howe (1834) .
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Living near his disapproving in-laws,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Remini (2002) , p. 56.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Smith transcribed some of the characters, written in what he called "reformed Egyptian", that were engraved on the plates and dictated their translations to his wife.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 63; Remini (2002) , p. 56; Roberts (1902) , p. 19;Howe (1834) , pp. 270–71 (Smith sat behind a curtain and passed transcriptions to his wife or her brother).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
For at least some of his earliest translation, Smith said he used a "Urim and Thummim",
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Smith (Mulholland) , p. 9 (describing early translation with the Urim and Thummim from December 1827 to February 1828); Remini (2002) , p. 57 (noting that Emma Smith said that Smith started translating with the Urim and Thummim and then eventually used his dark seer stone exclusively); Bushman (2005) , p. 66; Quinn (1998) , pp. 169–70 (noting that, according to witnesses, Smith's early translation with the two-stone Urim and Thummim spectacles involved placing the spectacles in his hat, and that the spectacles were too large to actually wear). In one 1842 statement, Smith said that "[t]hrough the medium of the Urim and Thummim I translated the record by the gift, the power of God." Smith (1842) , p. 707. There is debate as to whether or not this statement is consistent with his known use of a seer stone other than the Urim and Thummim. Quinn (1998) , p. 175 argues that the term Urim and Thummim was a generic term early Mormons used to refer to all of Smith's seer stones. Persuitte (2000) , p. 81–83 interprets Smith to say that he translated the entire Book of Mormon with the two stones found with the plates, which would be in flat contradiction with his documented use of the chocolate-colored seer stone.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
a pair of seer stones he said were buried with the golden plates.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Smith (Mulholland) , p. 4 (stating that deposited with the plates were "two stones in silver bows" and stating that "these stones fastened into a breastplate constituted what is called the Urim & Thummim...."); Smith (1842) , p. 707 (describing "a curious instrument which the ancients called 'Urim and Thummim,' which consisted of two transparent stones set in the rim of a bow fastened to a breastplate.").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Later translation, however, was with a single chocolate-colored stone he had found in 1822 and used for treasure hunting.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Quinn (1998) , p. 171–73 (witnesses said that Smith shifted from the Urim and Thummim to the single brown seer stone after the loss of the earliest 116 manuscript pages); Persuitte (2000) , p. 81–82 (none of the existing Book of Mormon transcript was created using the Urim and Thummim); Remini (2002) , p. 57 (noting that Emma Smith said that after 1828, Smith used his dark seer stone exclusively).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
In a manner similar to his method for finding treasure,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Quinn (1998) , p. 173 ("[T]he actual translation process was strikingly similar to the way Smith used the same stone for treasure-hunting."); Bushman (2005) (In using the divining power of stones, Smith blended the magic culture of his upbringing with inspired translation.).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
he claimed he translated by gazing at the stone or stones in the bottom of his hat, excluding all light so that he could see the translated words.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 71–72; Marquardt (Walters) , pp. 103–04; Van Wagoner (Walker) , p. 52–53 (citing numerous witnesses of the translation process); Quinn (1998) , pp. 169–70, 173 (describing similar methods for both the two-stone Urim and Thummim and the chocolate seer stone).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
The plates themselves were not directly consulted.
Wikipedia footnotes:
Van Wagoner (Walker) , p. 53 ("The plates could not have been used directly in the translation process."); Bushman (2005) , pp. 71–72 (Joseph did not pretend to look at the 'reformed Egyptian' words, the language on the plates, according to the book's own description. The plates lay covered on the table, while Joseph's head was in the hat looking at the seerstone...."); Marquardt (Walters) , pp. 103–04 ("When it came to translating the crucial plates, they were no more present in the room than was John the Beloved's ancient 'parchment', the words of which Joseph also dictated at the time.").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Smith usually translated in full view of witnesses, but sometimes concealed the process by raising a curtain or dictating from another room.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Cole (1831) ; Howe (1834) , p. 14.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Smith may have considered giving up the translation because of opposition from his in-laws,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Morgan (1986) , p. 280.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
but in February 1828, Martin Harris arrived to spur him on
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 63 (Harris had a vision that he was to assist with a "marvelous work"); Roberts (1902) , p. 19 (Harris arrived in Harmony in February 1828); Booth (1831) (Harris had to convince Smith to continue translating, saying, "I have not come down here for nothing, and we will go on with it").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
by taking the characters and their translations to a few prominent scholars.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 63–64 (the plan to use a scholar to authenticate the characters was part of a vision received by Harris; author notes that Smith's mother said the plan to authenticate the characters was arranged between Smith and Harris before Harris left Palmyra); Remini (2002) , p. 57–58 (noting that the plan arose from a vision of Martin Harris). According to Bushman (2005) , p. 64, these scholars probably included at least Luther Bradish in Albany, New York Lapham (1870) , Samuel L. Mitchill of New York City (Hadley (1829) ; Jessee (1976) , p. 3), and Charles Anthon of New York City Howe (1834) , pp. 269–272.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Harris claimed that one of the scholars he visited, Charles Anthon, initially authenticated the characters and their translation, then recanted upon hearing that Smith had received the plates from an angel.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 64–65; Remini (2002) , p. 58–59.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Although Anthon denied this,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Howe (1834) , pp. 269–72 (Anthon's description of his meeting with Harris, claiming he tried to convince Harris that he was a victim of a fraud). But see Vogel (2004) , p. 115 (arguing that Anthon's initial assessment was likely more positive than he would later admit).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Harris returned to Harmony in April 1828 motivated to act as Smith's scribe.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Roberts (1902) , p. 20.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Translation continued until mid-June 1828, until Harris began having doubts about the existence of the golden plates.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- These doubts were induced by his wife's deep skepticism. Bushman , p. 66.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Harris importuned Smith to let him take the existing 116 pages of manuscript to Palmyra to show a few family members.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Smith (1853) , p. 117–18; Roberts (1902) , p. 20.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Harris then lost the manuscript—of which there was no copy—at about the same time as Smith's wife Emma gave birth to a stillborn son.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- During this dark period, Smith briefly attended his in-laws' Methodist church, but one of Emma's cousins "objected to the inclusion of a 'practicing necromancer' on the Methodist roll," and Smith voluntarily withdrew rather than face a disciplinary hearing. Bushman (2005) , pp. 69–70.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Smith said the angel had taken away the plates and he had lost his ability to translate
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Phelps (1833) (revelation dictated by Smith stating that his gift to translate was temporarily revoked); Smith (1832) , p. 5 (stating that the angel had taken away the plates and the Urim and Thummim).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
until September 22, 1828, when they were restored.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Smith (1853) , p. 126.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Smith did not begin translating again in earnest until April 1829, when he met Oliver Cowdery, a teacher and dowser,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Hill (1977) , p. 86 (Cowdery had brought with him a "rod of nature," perhaps acquired while he was among his father's religious group in Vermont, who believed that certain rods had spiritual properties and could be used in divining."); Bushman (2005) , p. 73 ("Cowdery was open to belief in Joseph's powers because he had come to Harmony the possessor of a supernatural gift alluded to in a revelation..." and his family had apparently engaged in treasure seeking and other magical practices.)Quinn (1998) , p. 35-36, 121.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
who now became Smith's scribe.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 74 (Smith and Cowdery began translating where the narrative left off after the lost 116 pages, now representing the Book of Mosiah. A revelation would later direct them not to re-translate the lost text, to ensure that the lost pages could not later be found and compared to the re-translation.).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
The two of them translated full time between April and early June 1829,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 70-74.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
and then moved to Fayette, New York where they continued to work at the home of Cowdery's friend Peter Whitmer. When the translation spoke of an institutional church and a requirement for baptism, Smith and Cowdery baptized each other,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Quinn (1994) , p. 5–6, 38 (contrasting the 1829 view with the churchless Mormonism of 1828); Bushman (2005) , p. 74–75.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
years later claiming that John the Baptist had appeared and ordained them to a priesthood.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Quinn (1994) , p. 15–20 (noting that Mormon records and publications contain no mention of any angelic conferral of authority until 1834); Bushman (2005) , p. 75 (posing Mormon apologetic theories for the five-year delay in mentioning the vision of John the Baptist).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Translation was completed around July 1, 1829.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 78.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Knowing that potential converts to the planned church might find Smith's story of the plates incredible,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 77 (Smith "began to seek converts the question of credibility had to be addressed again. Joseph knew his story was unbelievable.").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Smith asked a group of eleven witnesses, including Martin Harris and male members of the Whitmer and Smith families, to sign a statement testifying that they had seen the golden plates, and in the case of the latter eight witnesses, had actually hefted the plates.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 77–79. There were two statements, one by a set of Three Witnesses and another by a set of Eight Witnesses. The two testimonies are undated, and the exact dates on which the Witnesses are said to have seen the plates is unknown.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Some secular scholars argue that the witnesses thought they saw the plates with their "spiritual eyes," or that Smith showed them something physical like fabricated tin plates, or that they signed the statement out of loyalty or under pressure from Smith.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Vogel (2004) , pp. 466–69; Bushman (2005) , p. 79.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
According to Smith, the angel Moroni took back the plates after Smith was finished using them.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Smith (Mulholland) , p. 8.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
The translation, known as the Book of Mormon, was published in Palmyra on March 26, 1830, by printer E. B. Grandin.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 82.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Martin Harris financed the publication by mortgaging his farm.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 80 (noting that Harris' marriage dissolved in part because his wife refused to be a party, and he eventually sold his farm to pay the bill.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Soon thereafter on April 6, 1830, Smith and his followers formally organized the Church of Christ,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Scholars and eye-witnesses disagree whether the church was organized in Manchester, New York at the Smith log home, or in Fayette at the home of Peter Whitmer. Bushman (2005) , p. 109; Marquardt (2005) , pp. 223–23 (arguing that organization in Manchester is most consistent with eye-witness statements).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
and small branches were established in Palmyra, Fayette, and Colesville, New York.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Phelps (1833) , p. 55 (noting that by July 1830, the church was "in Colesville, Fayette, and Manchester").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
The Book of Mormon brought Smith regional notoriety,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Brodie (1971) , pp. 80–82.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
but also strong opposition by those who remembered Smith's money-digging and his 1826 trial near Colesville.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 117(noting that area residents connected the discovery of the Book of Mormon with Smith's past career as a money digger);Brodie (1971) (discussing organized boycott of Book of Mormon by Palmyra residents, p. 80, and opposition by Colesville and Bainbridge residents who remembered the 1826 trial, p. 87).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Soon after Smith reportedly performed an exorcism in Colesville,
Wikipedia footnotes:
Brodie (1971) , p. 86 (describing the exorcism).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
he was again tried as a disorderly person but was acquitted.
Wikipedia footnotes:
Bushman (2005) , pp. 116–17.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Even so, Smith and Cowdery had to flee Colesville to escape a gathering mob. Probably referring to this period of flight, Smith told years later of hearing the voices of Peter, James, and John who he said gave Smith and Cowdery an apostolic authority.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Quinn (1994) , pp. 24–26; Bushman (2005) , p. 118.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
When Oliver Cowdery and other church members attempted to exercise independent authority
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 120 ("Oliver Cowdery and the Whitmer family began to conceive of themselves as independent authorities with the right to correct Joseph and receive revelation.").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
—as when Book of Mormon witness Orson Hyde used his seer stone to locate the American New Jerusalem prophesied by the Book of Mormon
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Roberts (1902) , pp. 109–110.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
—Smith responded by establishing himself as the sole prophet.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 121; Phelps (1833) , p. 67 ("[N]o one shall be appointed to receive commandments and revelations in this church, excepting my servant Joseph, for he receiveth them even as Moses.").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Smith disputed Hyde's location for the New Jerusalem,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Phelps (1833) , p. 68 ("[I]t is not revealed, and no man knoweth where the city shall be built.").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
but dispatched Cowdery to lead a mission to Missouri to find its true location
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Phelps (1833) , p. 68 ("The New Jerusalem "shall be on the borders by the Lamanites."); Bushman (2005) , p. 122 (church members knew that "on the borders by the Lamanites" referred to Western Missouri, and Cowdery's mission in part was to "locate the place of the New Jerusalem along this frontier").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
and to proselytize the Native Americans.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Phelps (1833) , p. 67–68 (Cowdery "shall go unto the Lamanites and preach my gospel unto them".).
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Smith also dictated a lost "Book of Enoch," telling how the Biblical Enoch had established a city of Zion of such civic goodness that God had taken it to heaven.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Brodie (1971) , p. 96 (noting that this was Smith's third attempt since the Book of Mormon at revealing "lost books," the first being the "parchment of John" produced in 1829, and the second the Book of Moses dictated in June 1830.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
On their way to Missouri, Cowdery's party passed through the Kirtland, Ohio area and converted Sidney Rigdon and over a hundred members of his Disciples of Christ congregation,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 124; Roberts (1902) , pp. 120–124.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
more than doubling the size of the church.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- F. Mark McKiernan, "The Conversion of Sidney Rigdon to Mormonism," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 5 (Summer 1970): 77. Parley Pratt said that the Mormon mission baptized 127 within two or three weeks "and this number soon increased to one thousand." McKiernan argues that "Rigdon's conversion and the missionary effort which followed transformed Mormonism from a New York-based sect with about a hundred members into one which was a major threat to Protestantism in the Western Reserve."
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
Rigdon visited New York and quickly became second in command of the church,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Brodie (1971) , p. 96 ("When Rigdon read the Book of Enoch, the scholar in him fled and the evangelist stepped into the place of second in command of the millennial church.").
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
to the discomfort of Smith's earlier followers.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 123–24; Brodie (1971) , p. 96–97.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
In the face of acute and growing opposition in New York, Smith announced that Kirtland was the "eastern boundary" of the New Jerusalem,
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Brodie (1971) , p. 97 (citing letter by Smith to Kirtland converts, quoted in Howe (1833) , p. 111). In 1834, Smith designated Kirtland as one of the "stakes" of Zion, referring to the tent–stakes metaphor of Isaiah 54:2.
FAIR's analysis:
From the Wikipedia article:
and that the Saints must gather there.
Wikipedia footnotes:
- Phelps (1833) , pp. 79–80 ("And again, a commandment I give unto the church, that it is expedient in me that they should assemble together in the Ohio, until the time that my servant Oliver Cowdery shall return unto them."); Bushman (2005) , pp. 124–25; Brodie (1971) , p. 96 (noting that Rigdon had urged Smith to return with him to Ohio).
FAIR's analysis:
References
| Wikipedia references for "Joseph Smith, Jr." |
- Abanes, Richard, (2003), One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church Thunder's Mouth Press
- Allen, James B., The Significance of Joseph Smith's "First Vision" in Mormon Thought off-site .
- (1992), The Mormon Experience University of Illinois Press .
- (1980), The Lion and the Lady: Brigham Young and Emma Smith off-site .
- Bergera, Gary James (editor) (1989), Line Upon Line: Essays on Mormon Doctrine Signature Books .
- Bloom, Harold, (1992), The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation Simon & Schuster .
- Booth, Ezra, Mormonism—Nos. VIII–IX (Letters to the editor) off-site .
- Brodie, Fawn M., (1971), No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith Knopf .
- Brooke, , (1994), The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844 Cambridge University Press .
- Bushman, Richard Lyman, (2005), Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling , New York: Knopf .
- Clark, John A., (1842), Gleanings by the Way , Philadelphia: W.J. & J.K Simmon off-site .
- Compton, Todd, (1997), In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith Signature Books .
- Foster, Lawrence, (1981), Religion and Sexuality: The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community , New York: Oxford University Press .
- Harris, Martin, (1859), Mormonism—No. II off-site .
- Hill, Donna, (1977), Joseph Smith: The first Mormon , Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co. .
- Hill, Marvin S., (1976), Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties off-site .
- Hill, Marvin S., (1989), Quest for Refuge: The Mormon Flight from American Pluralism Signature Books off-site .
- Howe, Eber Dudley, (1834), Mormonism Unvailed: Or, A Faithful Account of that Singular Imposition and Delusion, from its Rise to the Present Time , Painesville, Ohio: Telegraph Press off-site .
- Hullinger, Robert N., (1992), Joseph Smith's Response to Skepticism Signature Books off-site .
- Jessee, Dean, (1976), Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History off-site .
- Lapham, [La]Fayette, (1870), Interview with the Father of Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, Forty Years Ago. His Account of the Finding of the Sacred Plates off-site .
- Larson, Stan, (1978), The King Follett Discourse: A Newly Amalgamated Text off-site .
- Mormon History off-site .
- Mack, Solomon, (1811), A Narraitve [sic] of the Life of Solomon Mack Windsor: Solomon Mack off-site .
- (1994), Inventing Mormonism Signature Books .
- Marquardt, H. Michael, (1999), The Joseph Smith Revelations: Text and Commentary Signature Books .
- Marquardt, H. Michael, (2005), The Rise of Mormonism: 1816–1844 Xulon Press .
- Matzko, John, (2007), The Encounter of the Young Joseph Smith with Presbyterianism off-site .
- Morgan, Dale, Walker, John Phillip (editor) (1986), Dale Morgan on Early Mormonism: Correspondence and a New History Signature Books off-site .
- (2008), Joseph Smith Jr.: reappraisals after two centuries Oxford University Press .
- Newell, Linda King, (1994), Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith University of Illinois Press .
- (1999), Mormon America: The Power and the Promise HarperSanFrancisco .
- Persuitte, David, (2000), Joseph Smith and the origins of the Book of Mormon McFarland & Co. .
- Phelps, W.W. (editor) (1833), A Book of Commandments, for the Government of the Church of Christ , Zion: William Wines Phelps & Co. off-site .
- Prince, Gregory A, (1995), Power From On High: The Development of Mormon Priesthood Signature Books .
- Quinn, D. Michael, (1994), The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power Signature Books .
- Quinn, D. Michael, (1998), Early Mormonism and the Magic World View Signature Books .
- Remini, , (2002), Joseph Smith: A Penguin Life Penguin Group .
- Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1902), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
- Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1904), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
- Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1905), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
- Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1909), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
- Shipps, Jan, (1985), Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition University of Illinois Press .
- Smith, George D., (1994), Nauvoo Roots of Mormon Polygamy, 1841–46: A Preliminary Demographic Report off-site .
- Smith, George D, (2008), Nauvoo Polygamy: "...but we called it celestial marriage" Signature Books .
- Smith, Joseph, Jr., (1830), The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi , Palmyra, New York: E. B. Grandin off-site . See Book of Mormon.
- Smith, Joseph, Jr., Jessee, Dean C (editor) (1832), Personal Writings of Joseph Smith , Salt Lake City: Deseret Book .
- Jessee, Dean C (editor) (1839–1843), Personal Writings of Joseph Smith Deseret Book .
- (1835), Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God , Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & Co off-site . See Doctrine and Covenants.
- Smith, Joseph, Jr., Church History [Wentworth Letter] off-site . See Wentworth letter.
- Smith, Lucy Mack, (1853), Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations , Liverpool: S.W. Richards off-site . See The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother
- Tucker, Pomeroy, (1867), Origin, Rise and Progress of Mormonism , New York: D. Appleton off-site .
- Turner, Orsamus, (1852), History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve , Rochester, New York: William Alling off-site .
- Joseph Smith: The Gift of Seeing off-site .
- Van Wagoner, Richard S., (1992), Mormon Polygamy: A History Signature Books .
- Vogel, Dan, (1994), The Locations of Joseph Smith's Early Treasure Quests off-site .
- Vogel, Dan, (2004), Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet Signature Books .
- Widmer, Kurt, (2000), Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915 McFarland .
Further reading
Mormonism and Wikipedia
FairMormon's approach to Wikipedia articles
FairMormon regularly receives queries about specific LDS-themed Wikipedia articles with requests that we somehow "fix" them. Although some individual members of FAIR may choose to edit Wikipedia articles, FairMormon as an organization does not. Controversial Wikipedia articles require constant maintenance and a significant amount of time. We prefer instead to respond to claims in the FAIR Wiki rather than fight the ongoing battle that LDS Wikipedia articles sometimes invite. From FAIR’s perspective, assertions made in LDS-themed Wikipedia articles are therefore treated just like any other critical (or, if one prefers, "anti-Mormon") work. As those articles are revised and updated, we will periodically update our reviews to match.
Who can edit Wikipedia articles?
Editors who wish to participate in editing LDS-themed Wikipedia articles can access the project page here: Wikipedia:WikiProject Latter Day Saint movement. You are not required to be LDS in order to participate—there are a number of good non-LDS editors who have made valuable contributions to these articles.
Recommendations when editing Wikipedia articles
FAIR does not advocate removing any references from Wikipedia articles. The best approach to editing Wikipedia is to locate solid references to back up your position and add them rather than attempting to remove information. Individuals who intend to edit should be aware that posting information related to the real-world identities of Wikipedia editors will result in their being banned from editing Wikipedia. Attacking editors and attempting to "out" them on Wikipedia is considered very bad form. The best approach is to treat all Wikipedia editors, whether or not you agree or disagree with their approach, with respect and civility. An argumentative approach is not constructive to achieving a positive result, and will simply result in what is called an "edit war." Unfortunately, not all Wikipedia editors exhibit good faith toward other editors (see, for example, the comment above from "Duke53" or comments within these reviews made by John Foxe's sockpuppet "Hi540," both of whom repeatedly mocked LDS beliefs and LDS editors prior to their being banned.)
Do LDS editors control Wikipedia?
Although there exist editors on Wikipedia who openly declare their affiliation with the Church, they do not control Wikipedia. Ironically, some critics of the Church periodically falsely accuse Wikipedia editors of being LDS simply because they do not accept the critics' desired spin on a particular article.
Do "anti-Mormons" control Wikipedia?
Again, the answer is no. The truth is that Wikipedia is generally self-policing. Highly contentious articles do tend to draw the most passionate supporters and critics.
Why do certain LDS articles seem to be so negative?
Although some LDS-related Wikipedia articles may appear to have a negative tone, they are in reality quite a bit more balanced than certain critical works such as One Nation Under Gods. Although many critical editors often accuse LDS-related Wikipedia articles of being "faith promoting" or claim that they are just an extension of the Sunday School manual, this is rarely the case. Few, if any, Latter-day Saints would find Wikipedia articles to be "faith promoting." Generally, the believers think that the articles are too negative and the critics believe that the articles are too positive. LDS Wikipedia articles should be informative without being overtly faith promoting. However, most of the primary sources, including the words of Joseph Smith himself, are "faith promoting." This presents a dilemma for Wikipedia editors who want to remain neutral. The unfortunate consequence is that Joseph's words are rewritten and intermixed with contradictory sources, resulting in boring and confusing prose.
We examine selected Wikipedia articles and examine them on a "claim-by-claim" basis, with links to responses in the FairMormon Answers Wiki. Wikipedia articles are constantly evolving. As a result, the analysis of each article will be updated periodically in order to bring it more into line with the current version of the article. The latest revision date may be viewed at the top of each individual section. The process by which Wikipedia articles are reviewed is the following:
- Update each Wikipedia passage and its associated footnotes.
- Examine the use of sources and determine whether or not the passage accurately represents the source used.
- Provide links to response articles within the FairMormon Answers Wiki.
- If violation of Wikipedia rules is discovered, identify which Wikipedia editor (by pseudonym) made the edit, provide a description of the rule violated and a link to the Wikipedia "diff" showing the actual edit.
- If a violated rule is later corrected in a subsequent revision, the violation is removed and a notation is added that the passage is correct per cited sources. This doesn't mean that FAIR necessarily agrees with the passage—only that it is correct based upon the source used.
Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, "Mormonism and Wikipedia: The Church History That “Anyone Can Edit”"
Roger Nicholson, Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, (2012)The ability to quickly and easily access literature critical of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has been made significantly easier through the advent of the Internet. One of the primary sites that dominates search engine results is Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that “anyone can edit.” Wikipedia contains a large number of articles related to Mormonism that are edited by believers, critics, and neutral parties. The reliability of information regarding the Church and its history is subject to the biases of the editors who choose to modify those articles. Even if a wiki article is thoroughly sourced, editors sometimes employ source material in a manner that supports their bias. This essay explores the dynamics behind the creation of Wikipedia articles about the Church, the role that believers and critics play in that process, and the reliability of the information produced in the resulting wiki articles.
Click here to view the complete article
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