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Revision as of 13:51, 9 July 2014
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Contents
- 1 Are plants mentioned in the Book of Mormon that are not found in the New World?
Are plants mentioned in the Book of Mormon that are not found in the New World?
Questions
Some claim that plants mentioned in the Book of Mormon are not found in the New World, and are thus evidence that Joseph fabricated the text based upon his own cultural background.
To see citations to the critical sources for these claims, [[../CriticalSources|click here]]
Topics
Plants alleged to be anachronistic in the Book of Mormon
Summary: Some plants mentioned in the Book of Mormon are not known to exist in the New World. It this evidence that Joseph fabricated the text based upon his own cultural background?
Answer
None of the Book of Mormon's plant species causes a problem — Spanish conquerors described pre-Columbian products in exactly the terms used by the Book of Mormon. Barley, silkworms, and grapes were known. One of the terms unknown to Joseph's day (the Akkadian sheum) is impressive evidence for the Book of Mormon's antiquity.
Detailed Analysis
Barley
Barley in the New World was long a source of anti-Mormon amusement, with one author insisting, "barley never grew in the New World before the white man brought it here!" [Scott, 82.]
However, this is simply false. Pre-Columbian New World barley was first reported in the scientific literature in 1983.[1]
Linen
(i.e. flax)
- [The Spaniards] encountered and referred to what they considered "linen" or linen-like cloth made from plants other than flax.[2]
- Bernal Diaz, who served with Cortez in the initial wave of conquest, described native Mexican garments made of "henequen which is like linen." The fiber of the maguey plant, from which henequen was manufactured, closely resembles the flax fiber used to make European linen
- yucca plant fibers makes linen-like cloth
- ixtle (agave) plant fiber makes linen-like cloth
- fig tree bark can be stripped, soaked, and pounded for a cloth with "some of the characteristics of linen."[3]
Neas
This crop is mentioned but once (See Mosiah 9:9). We do not know to what it applied, but this does not count against the Book of Mormon's claims.
Sheum
One must credit Joseph Smith with a bullseye on this issue:
- The name rather obviously derives from Akkadian (Babylonian) "she'um," barley (Old Assyrian, wheat), "the most popular ancient Mesopotamian cereal name."[4]
We do not know to which crop this name was applied, but it is certainly not out of place in an ancient context (See Mosiah 9:9). Critics must explain how Joseph Smith chose this word, since Akkadian was not translated until 27 years after the publication of the Book of Mormon.[5]
For a discussion on this name between believers and non-believers, see here.
Silk
(i.e. mulberry leaves and silkworms)
The production of Old World "silk" requires both silkworms and the mulberry trees upon whose leaves they feed, which critics have charged is impossible.
However, there are several examples of silk or silk-like fabric in pre-Columbian America:
- wild silkworms do exist, and some commentators insisted that the Amerindians spun and wove it from their cocoons
- hair from rabbit bellies was also spun into a cloth dubbed "silk" by the Spanish conquerors
- floss from the ceiba (silk-cotton) tree was made into a "soft delicate cloth," kapok.
- fibers from the wild pineapple were also prized for their ability to be woven into a fine, durable fabric
- cotton cloth in Mexico from A.D. 400 is "even, very fine, and gossamer-thin."[6]
Wheat
- Amaranth, considered an Old World grain, was grown and used in Mexico at the time the Spaniards arrived. Botanist Jonathan Sauer thought its origin to be American, but he noted too that it was widely distributed in the Old World in pre-Columbian times. Its uses in the two hemispheres were strikingly similar also (it was popped and eaten as "popcorn balls" on special feast days); the similarities have suggested to some scholars that amaranth seed was carried across the ocean in ancient times.[7]
Amaranth has a similar nutritional profile to grain (the Aztecs got up to 80% of the calories from it prior to the Spanish conquest), and it is even today termed a "pseudograin" because it can be ground into flour like wheat or other seed grains, which biologically are grasses.[8] Even today, Amaranth is used to replace wheat flour in gluten-intolerant patients (e.g., celiac disease) or to increase the nutritional content of standard whole-wheat flour.
Wine (i.e. grapes)
- [The Spaniards] spoke of "vineyards," not planted in grapevines but in maguey plants, from which pulque, which they termed "wine," was manufactured. Half a dozen different types of "wine" made from fruits other than grapes were identified by the Spanish explorers...[another researcher also] reports the Opata of northern Mexico used a drink made from native grapes.[9]
So, there were grapes locally, as well as several other plant species which produced alcoholic drinks which the Spanish were quite happy to consider 'wine.'
Video
Part(s) of this issue are addressed in a FairMormon video segment. Click here to see video clips on other topics.
Notes
- ↑ John L. Sorenson and Robert F. Smith, "Barley in Ancient America," in Reexploring the Book of Mormon, edited by John W. Welch (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1992), 130–132.
- ↑ John L. Sorenson, "Plants and Animals," in John L. Sorenson, "Viva Zapato! Hurray for the Shoe! (Review of "Does the Shoe Fit? A Critique of the Limited Tehuantepec Geography" by Deanne G. Matheny)," FARMS Review of Books 6/1 (1994): 297–361. off-site
- ↑ John L. Sorenson, An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City, Utah : Deseret Book Co. ; Provo, Utah : Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1996 [1985]), 232. John L. Sorenson, "Silk and Linen in the Book of Mormon - Book of Mormon Update," Ensign (April 1992): 62.
- ↑ Sorenson, "Zaputo," 338; citing Robert F. Smith, "Some 'Neologisms' from the Mormon Canon," Conference on the Language of the Mormons 1973, Brigham Young University Language Research Center, 1973, 66.
- ↑ Matt Roper, "Right on Target: Boomerang Hits and the Book of Mormon," FAIR Presentation, 2001.
- ↑ John L. Sorenson, An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City, Utah : Deseret Book Co. ; Provo, Utah : Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1996 [1985]), 232. Sorenson, Ensign (April 1992): 62.
- ↑ Template:AAS
- ↑ "Amaranth," and "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudograin Pseudograin," Wikipedia, accessed 28 June 2014.
- ↑ Sorenson, "Zaputo," 335-336.