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| − | {{draft}} | + | {{Main Page}} |
| − | ==Armor==
| + | {{Navigation:Book of Mormon}} |
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| − | Book of Mormon armor does not match the type of armor that Joseph Smith would have been familiar with, nor does it reflect European styles of armor: | + | <onlyinclude> |
| | + | {{H2 |
| | + | |L=Warfare in the Book of Mormon |
| | + | |H=Warfare in the Book of Mormon |
| | + | |S= |
| | + | |L1=Warfare in the Book of Mormon: Defense |
| | + | |L2=Warfare in the Book of Mormon: Oaths taken by warriors |
| | + | |L3=Warfare in the Book of Mormon: Seasonality of Warfare |
| | + | |L4=Warfare in the Book of Mormon: Tactics |
| | + | |L5=Warfare in the Book of Mormon: Secret combinations |
| | + | |L6=Warfare in the Book of Mormon: Weapons |
| | + | }} |
| | + | </onlyinclude> |
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| − | <blockquote>19 And when the armies of the Lamanites saw that the people of Nephi, or that Moroni, had prepared his people with [[#Breastplates | breastplates]] and with [[#Arm_shields|arm–shields]], yea, and also shields to defend their heads, and also they were dressed with [[#Quilted_armor|thick clothing]]—[http://scriptures.lds.org/alma/43/19#19 Alma 43:19]</blockquote>
| + | {{:Book of Mormon/Warfare/Defense}} |
| | + | {{:Book of Mormon/Warfare/Oaths taken by warriors}} |
| | + | {{:Book of Mormon/Warfare/Seasonality}} |
| | + | {{:Book of Mormon/Warfare/Tactics}} |
| | + | {{:Book of Mormon/Warfare/Secret combinations}} |
| | + | {{:Book of Mormon/Warfare/Weapons}} |
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| − | ===Quilted armor===
| + | {{Critical sources box:Book of Mormon/Warfare/CriticalSources}} |
| − | This description matches Mesoamerican quilted armor:
| + | {{endnotes sources}} |
| − | [[Image:Quilted_armor_Metropolitan.jpg|frame|none|"The garment worn by this figure is believed to represent the quilted armor worn by warriors, but the elaboration of the costume and its accoutrements suggest a figure of high rank and noble status." Costumed Figure, 7th–8th century -- Mexico; Maya Ceramic, pigment; H. 11 17/32 in. (29.3 cm) (1979.206.953) – [http://www.metmuseum.org Metropolitan Museum of Art] Note the pectoral ("breast plate"). ''Note that this figure post-dates the Nephite period.'']]
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| − | [[Image:Quilted_armor_WiBoM01.jpg|frame|none|From William J. Hamblin, “Armor in the Book of Mormon", p. 413; in ''Warfare in the Book of Mormon'', edited by Stephen D. Ricks & William J. Hamblin, (Provo, Utah: Deseret Book Co. and FARMS, 1990). Note the arm shields and pectoral. ''Note that this figure post-dates the Nephite period.'']]
| + | <!-- PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE --> |
| − | | + | [[de:Das Buch Mormon/Krieg]] |
| − | ===Arm shields===
| + | [[es:El Libro de Mormón/Arte de guerra]] |
| − | [[Image:Arm_shield_WiBoM01.jpg|frame|none|"Mayan “arm shield”, from Stela 17, Dos Pilas, Tetexbatun, Guatemala, Around A.D. 733"; from William J. Hamblin, “Armor in the Book of Mormon", p. 415; in ''Warfare in the Book of Mormon'', edited by Stephen D. Ricks & William J. Hamblin, (Provo, Utah: Deseret Book Co. and FARMS, 1990). ''Note that this image post-dates the Nephite period.'']]
| + | [[pt:O Livro de Mórmon/Guerra]] |
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| − | ===Breastplates===
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| − | [[Image:Pectoral_WiBoM01.jpg|frame|none|"Mayan headdress and “pectoral” [chest or breastplate] hung or attached around the neck. Stela 16, Dos Pilas, Tetexbatun, Guatemala, Around A.D. 733. William J. Hamblin, “Armor in the Book of Mormon", p. 414; in ''Warfare in the Book of Mormon'', edited by Stephen D. Ricks & William J. Hamblin, (Provo, Utah: Deseret Book Co. and FARMS, 1990).''Note that this image post-dates the Nephite period.'']]
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| − | ==Fortifications==
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| − | :4 But behold, how great was their disappointment; for behold, the Nephites had dug up a ridge of earth round about them, which was so high that the Lamanites could not cast their stones and their arrows at them that they might take effect, neither could they come upon them save it was by their place of entrance. ([http://scriptures.lds.org/alma/49/4#4 Alma 49:4]).<BR><BR>
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| − | :3 And it came to pass that after the Lamanites had finished burying their dead and also the dead of the Nephites, they were marched back into the land Bountiful; and Teancum, by the orders of Moroni, caused that they should commence laboring in digging a ditch round about the land, or the city, Bountiful. 4 And he caused that they should build a breastwork of timbers upon the inner bank of the ditch; and they cast up dirt out of the ditch against the breastwork of timbers; and thus they did cause the Lamanites to labor until they had encircled the city of Bountiful round about with a strong wall of timbers and earth, to an exceeding height. 5 And this city became an exceeding stronghold ever after; and in this city they did guard the prisoners of the Lamanites; yea, even within a wall which they had caused them to build with their own hands. Now Moroni was compelled to cause the Lamanites to labor, because it was easy to guard them while at their labor; and he desired all his forces when he should make an attack upon the Lamanites.([http://scriptures.lds.org/alma/53/3#5 Alma 53:3-5]).<BR><BR>
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| − | The Book of Mormon's description of fortifications matches those in use in Mesoamerica. Multiple sites have been found; the city of Becan is well-known:
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| − | [[Image:Becan_1.jpg|frame|thumb|100px|none|The moat at Bécan in the Yucatan is 16 meters wide, and covers a distance of 2 kilometers. The enclosed city covers 25 hectares (almost 62 acres). Reconstruction, on-line at http://mayaruins.com/becan.html]]
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| − | [[Image:Becan_2.jpg|frame|thumb|100px|none|Artist’s rendering of Bécan fortifications [AD 100-250]; From John L. Sorenson, ''Images of Ancient America: Visualizing Book of Mormon Life'' (Provo, Utah: Research Press, 1998), 133 (Andrea Darais, artist).]] | |
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| − | [[Image:Becan_3.jpg|frame|thumb|100px|none|“Bécan” earthworks, fortifications from Early Classic period (250-400 AD)
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| − | David L. Webster, ''Defensive Earthworks at Bécan, Campeche, Mexico: Implications for Mayan Warfare'' (New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, Publication 41, 1976), 3.]]
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| − | [[Image:Becan_4.jpg|frame|thumb|100px|none|Note the modern '''highway''' in the upper left corner! [Gives a sense of the scale.]
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| − | David L. Webster, ''Defensive Earthworks at Bécan, Campeche, Mexico: Implications for Mayan Warfare'' (New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, Publication 41, 1976), 3.
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| − | ]]
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| − | It should be noted too that the rise of Mesoamerican fortification in the archaelogic record matches the introduction of this form of warfare among the Nephites by Captain Moroni in about 72 B.C. (See [http://scriptures.lds.org/alma/49/8#8 Alma 49:8]).The first number indicates "''Definitive''" sites; the second is "''Possible''" sites:
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| − | [[Image:Fort_Sites_Mesoamerica.jpg|frame|thumb|100px|none|John L. Sorenson, "Fortifications in the Book of Mormon Account Compared with Mesoamerican Fortifications" (Table 2, p. 429) in Stephen D. Ricks & William J. Hamblin, (eds), ''Warfare in the Book of Mormon'' (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1990), 425-444. The first number indicates "Definitive" sites; the second is "possible" sites.]]
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| − | ==Ritual warfare==
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| − | ==Seasonality of Warfare==
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| − | ==Secret Combinations==
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| − | ==Tactics==
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| − | ==Weapons==
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| − | ===Swords===
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| − | Scott Brian, a graduate student of Archaeology at BYU, has made several reconstructions of a ''macahuitl,'' the ancient Mesoamerican weapon that can be described as a wooden club with sharp obsidian blades. Another term that can be legitimately used is "sword" — a term the Spaniards used when they faced this fearsome weapon that could cut better than metal swords.
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| − | *[http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6395/424/1600/macahuitl-3.jpg Photo 1]
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| − | *[http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6395/424/1600/macahuitl-2.jpg Photo 2]
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| − | *[http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6395/424/1600/macahuitl-1.jpg Photo 3]
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| − | [[Image:Obs_sword_florentine_codex2.jpg|Macuhitl swords from the 15th Century ''Florentine Codex'']] | |
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| − | [[Image:Obs_sword_florentine_codex1.jpg|Macuhitl swords from the 15th Century ''Florentine Codex'']]
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| − | [[Image:Macahuitl-Burton.png|Macuhitl sword from Richard F. Burton, ''Book of the Sword '' (London: Chatto & Windus, 1884). Public domain image (copyright expired.) Originally obtained from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Macahuitl.png. Caption from original work reads: "Mexican sword of the fifteenth century, of Iron Wood, with Ten Blades of Black Obsidian Fixed Into the Wood (This weapon is twenty-five inches long.)"]]
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| − | ===Cimeters / Scimiters ===
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| − | ===Bows and Arrows===
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | ===FAIR wiki articles===
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| − | {{Book of Mormon anachronisms}}
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| − | ===FAIR web site===
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| − | *Links to articles on the FAIR web site; Topical Guide entries go first
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| − | ===External links===
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| − | *{{JBMS|author=Matthew Roper|article=Eyewitness Descriptions of Mesoamerican Swords|vol=5|num=1|date=1996|start=150|end=158}}[http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=118 *]
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| − | ===Printed material===
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| − | *{{rediscovering|author=William J. Hamblin|article=Warfare in the Book of Mormon|start-241|end=248}}
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| − | *{{revisited1|author=William J. Hamblin|article=The Importance of Warfare in Book of Mormon Studies|start=Chapter 16}}
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| − | *{{warfarebom1|author=Multiple|article=All|start=1}}
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| − | *{{ImagesAA1|start=1}}
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| − | *{{rediscovering|author=John L. Sorenson|article=Seasons of War, Seasons of Peace in the Book of Mormon|start-249|end=255}}
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| − | *David L. Webster, ''Defensive Earthworks at Bécan, Campeche, Mexico: Implications for Mayan Warfare'' (New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, Publication 41, 1976).
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