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| + | #REDIRECT [[Origin of the priesthood ban]] |
| − | ==The origin of the priesthood ban==
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| − | The origin of the priesthood ban is one of the most difficult questions to answer. Its origins are not clear, and this affected both how members and leaders have seen the ban, and the steps necessary to rescind it. The Church has never provided an official reason for the ban.
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| − | Members have generally taken one of three perspectives:
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| − | # the ban was based on revelation to Joseph Smith, and was continued by his successors until President Kimball | |
| − | # the ban did not originate with Joseph Smith, but was implemented by Brigham Young by revelation
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| − | # the ban began as a series of administrative policy decisions, rather than a revealed doctrine, and drew partly upon ideas regarding race common in mid-19th century America. The passage of time gave greater authority to this policy than intended.
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| − | The difficulty in deciding between these options arises because:<br>
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| − | a) there is no contemporary account of a revelation underlying the ban; but<br>
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| − | b) many early members nevertheless believed that there had been such a revelation; and<br>
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| − | c) priesthood ordination of African blacks was a rare event, which became even more rare with time.
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| − | The history behind the practice in the modern Church of withholding the priesthood based on race is described well by Lester Bush in a 1984 book.{{ref|bush1}} A good timeline can be found at FAIR's '''BlackLDS''' site: {{fairlink|url=http://www.blacklds.org/mormon/history.html}}.
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| − | ===Missouri and the 1830s===
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| − | As Mormons settled into Missouri, some of their viewpoints about slavery ({{s||D&C|101|79}},{{s||D&C|87|4}}) did not mesh well with those of the older settlers. The 1831 Nat Turner Rebellion left many southerners nervous as church leaders later recognized: "All who are acquainted with the situation of slave States, know that the life of every white is in constant danger, and to insinuate any thing which could possibly be interpreted by a slave, that it was not just to hold human beings in bondage, would be jeopardizing the life of every white inhabitant in the country.{{ref|bush2}}" Unfortunately, this recognition came after mobs persecuted the Missouri saints and destroyed their press in part because of W. W. Phelps's editorials supporting abolition {{ref|bush3}}.
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| − | Under these precarious conditions, early missionaries were instructed to not teach or baptize slaves without their master's wishes (see {{s||D&C|134|12}}). The "Missouri policy theory" for the ban's origin was first popularized in 1970 by author Stephen Taggert,{{ref|taggert1}} and President Hugh B. Brown reportedly embraced it.{{ref|brown1}} Other authors found this theory wanting.{{ref|bringhurst1}}
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| − | Late, perhaps unreliable, recollections suggest that Joseph Smith received inspiration that blacks should not be ordained while contemplating the situation in the South.{{ref|bush4}} These accounts must be weighed against records of free blacks being given the priesthood such as Elijah Abel, Walker Lewis, William McCary, and Abel's descendants. Those who hold that the ban had a revelatory basis see these early ordinations as events which occurred prior to the revelation or without knowledge of it, while those who see the ban as more of a social/cultural phenomenon point to these ordinations as an example of the "pragmatic grounds" upon which decisions about black ordination were made.
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| − | ===After Joseph Smith===
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| − | The priesthood ban became more comprehensive under Brigham Young's presidency, although he did not present a specific revelation on the subject. Brigham's earliest recorded comments on the subject indicated that he believed blacks should not receive the priesthood because they were the descendants of Cain and therefore a "cursed" people.{{ref|bush5}} Those who believe the ban had a revelatory basis point to this as an example of the prophet learning "line upon line," with revelation being implemented more rigorously. Those who see the influence of cultural factors and institutional practice behind the ban consider this evidence that the ban was based on Brigham's cultural and scriptural assumptions, and point out that such beliefs were common among most Christians in Antebellum America.{{ref|smith1}}
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| − | ===Later views===
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| − | * In 1879, John Taylor conducted an investigation and concluded the policy had started under Joseph Smith, rather than Brigham Young, despite receiving mixed information.{{ref|bush6}}
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| − | *President George Q. Cannon in 1895 asserted that some of Young's teachings about miscegenation and the seed of Cain had first been taught by Joseph Smith.{{ref|bush7}}
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| − | * Nearly forty years after the ban started, B.H. Roberts was the first to argue, based on the Book of Abraham, that the curse of Cain had continued to modern blacks through the lineage of Ham.{{ref|bhroberts1}}
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| − | * Joseph Fielding Smith opined that blacks may have been less valiant in the pre-mortal conflict between God and Satan (however, he rejected that they may have been neutral in the war in heaven).{{ref|jfs1}}
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| − | * David O. McKay believed that the ban was "not doctrine but...policy," as reported by Sterling McMurrin,{{ref|mcmurrin1}} his son Llewelyn McKay,{{ref|llewelyn1}} and Elder Paul H. Dunn.{{ref|dunn1}}
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| − | * Harold B. Lee was inclined to reconfirm the ban,{{ref|lee1}} though Church Historian Leonard Arrington
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| − | :...asserts that President Lee, shortly before his death, sought the Lord's will on the question of blacks and the priesthood during'three days and nights [of] fasting in the upper room of the temple,...but the only answer he received was "not yet." Arrington relied on an unidentified person close to President Lee, but President Lee's son-in-law and biographer found no record of such an incident and thought it doubtful, although President Lee did say, "It's only a matter of time."{{ref|lee2}}
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| − | ==Endnotes==
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| − | #{{note|bush1}}{{NeitherWhiteNorBlack0}}
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| − | <!-- #{{note|MA1}} {{NC}} is this true: <small>It is also important to note that Joseph indicated that he was speaking of his personal beliefs in this case, and not as the prophet. I Don't know if it was Joseph so I downgraded to church leaders </small>-->
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| − | #{{note|bush2}}''Neither White nor Black'', 56; citing {{EMS1|start=122|vol=2|date=January 1834|article=Ourtage in Jackson County, Missouri|author=Editor}}
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| − | #{{note|bush3}}''Neither White nor Black'', 55.
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| − | #{{note|taggert1}}Steven Taggert, ''Mormonism's Negro Policy: Social and Historical Origins'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1970).
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| − | #{{note|brown1}}{{Sunstone|author=Edwin B. Firmage|article=Hugh B. Brown in His Final Years|vol=11|num=6|date=November 1987|start=7|end=8}}{{nl}}
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| − | #{{note|bringhurst1}} {{BlackAndMormon1|start=13|author=Newell K. Bringhurst|article=The 'Missouri Thesis' Revisited: Early Mormonism, Slavery, and the Status of Black People}}
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| − | #{{note|bush4}} ''Neither White nor Black'', 61,77.
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| − | #{{note|bush5}}''Neither White nor Black'', 70–72.
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| − | #{{note|smith1}}For a history of such ideas in American Christian thought generally, see H. Shelton Smith, ''In His Image, But...: Racism in Southern Religion, 1780–1910'' (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1972), 131. ISBN 082230273X.
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| − | #{{note|bush6}}''Neither White nor Black'', 77–78.
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| − | #{{note|bush7}}''Neither White nor Black'', 79–81.
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| − | #{{note|bhroberts1}}B.H. Roberts, "To the Youth of Israel," ''The Contributor'' 6 (May 1885): 296–97.
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| − | #{{note|jfs1}}{{DoS1|vol=1|start=65}}
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| − | #{{note|mcmurrin1}} Sterling M. McMurrin and and L. Jackson Newell, ''Matters of Conscience: Conversations with Sterling M. McMurrin On Philosophy, Education, and Religion'' (Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books, 1996), 199–201; cited in {{LYS-CD1|start=chapter 20, page 5, footnote 17}}
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| − | #{{note|llewelyn1}}Kimball, ''Lengthen Your Stride'', chapter 20, page 5, footnote 17.
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| − | #{{note|dunn1}}Kimball, ''Lengthen Your Stride'', chapter 20, page 5–, footnote 17.
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| − | #{{note|lee1}}Kimball, ''Lengthen Your Stride'', 204–205.
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| − | #{{note|lee2}}Kimball, ''Lengthen Your Stride'', 205, footnote 18.
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | ===FAIR wiki articles===
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| − | {{BlacksPriesthoodWiki}}
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| − | ===FAIR web site===
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| − | {{BlacksPriesthoodFAIR}}
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| − | ===External links===
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| − | {{BlacksPriesthoodLinks}}
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| − | ===Printed material===
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| − | {{BlacksPriesthoodPrint}}
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