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| − | {{Articles FAIR copyright}} {{Articles Header 1}} {{Articles Header 2}} {{Articles Header 3}} {{Articles Header 4}} {{Articles Header 5}} {{Articles Header 6}} {{Articles Header 7}} {{Articles Header 8}} {{Articles Header 9}} {{Articles Header 10}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[Plural_marriage]] |
| − | {{Resource Title|Joseph Smith and Polygamy}}
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| − | {{summary}}
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| − | {{PolygamyPortal}}
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| | | | |
| − | == ==
| + | <!-- PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE --> |
| − | {{ChurchResponseBar
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| − | |author=Charles W. Penrose
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| − | |publication=Improvement Era
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| − | |title=Peculiar Questions Briefly Answered
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| − | |date=September 1912
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| − | |vol=15
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| − | |num=11
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| − | |summary=
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| − | '''Question 18''': Was Joseph Smith, Jr., a polygamist?<br>
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| − | '''Answer''': Joseph Smith introduced and practiced plural marriage. The proofs of this are abundant and complete.{{ref|penrose1}}
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| − | }}
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| − | == ==
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| − | {{ChurchResponseBar
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| − | |link=http://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/10590_eng.pdf?lang=eng
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| − | |author=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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| − | |publication=Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Seminary Teacher Manual
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| − | |title=LESSON 140: Doctrine and Covenants 132:1–2, 34–66
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| − | |date=2013
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| − | |start=478
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| − | |end=479
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| − | |summary=
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| − | Because of a lack of historical documentation, we do not know about Joseph Smith’s early attempts to comply with the commandment. However, by 1841 the Prophet had begun to obey the commandment and to teach it to some members of the Church, and over the next three years he married additional wives in accordance with the Lord’s commands. The Prophet Joseph Smith’s obedience to the Lord’s commandment to practice plural marriage was a trial of faith for him and his wife Emma, whom he loved dearly....Practicing plural marriage brought additional challenges. Because the practice was initially kept very quiet, rumors began to spread about Church leaders marrying additional wives. These rumors greatly distorted the truth, slandered the names of the Prophet and other Church leaders, and contributed to increased persecution against the Saints
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| − | }}
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| | | | |
| − | == ==
| + | [[de:Joseph Smith/Polygamie]] |
| − | {{Criticism label}}
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| − | | |
| − | Joseph Smith is frequently attacked for his introduction and practice of polygamy. These attacks usually focus on arguing that:
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| − | # Polygamy is unchristian or unbiblical
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| − | # Joseph hid the truth about the practice of polygamy
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| − | # Polygamy was illegal, and therefore improper
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| − | # Polygamy sprung from Joseph's carnal desires
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| − | # Joseph desired to marry young women
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| − | # Joseph married women who were already married to other men (polyandry).
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| − | {{CriticalSources}}
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| − | | |
| − | == ==
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| − | {{Conclusion label}}
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| − | | |
| − | Plural marriage was perhaps the greatest challenge to the early members of the Church. The choices of early members to practice polygamy are often not considered in context.
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| − | | |
| − | == ==
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| − | {{Topics label}}
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| − | <onlyinclude>
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| − | ==Joseph's plural wives==
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Plural wives
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| − | |subject=Plural wives of Joseph Smith, Jr.
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| − | |summary=List of Joseph's plural wives, with links to critical claims related to specific plural wives of Joseph Smith, Jr.
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| − | }}
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| − | ===Implementation of plural marriage===
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| − | | |
| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Polygamy book/Initiation of the practice
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| − | |subject=Initiation of the practice
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| − | |summary=When and how did plural marriage begin in the Church?
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem2
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Cochranites
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| − | |subject=The Cochranites as the source of the practice of plural marriage among Mormons?
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| − | |summary=Did another religious group from the 1830s--the "Cochranites"--act as the source for plural marriage in the LDS faith?
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Adultery before 12 July 1843
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| − | |subject=Was plural marriage actually adultery before 12 July 1843?
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| − | |summary=Does Lorenzo Snow's testimony show that anyone who practiced plural marriage before the date that D&C 132 was written (12 July 1843) was guilty of adultery? Since Joseph had entered into plural marriages before that date, was Lorenzo essentially admitting that Joseph was an adulterer?
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Works of Abraham|subject=Works of Abraham
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| − | |summary=D&C 132 tells Joseph and others to "do the works of Abraham." What are the "works of Abraham?"
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Not Biblical
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| − | |subject=Is polygamy not Biblical?
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| − | |summary=The criticism that polygamy is irreligious appeals to western sensibilities which favor monogamy, and argues that polygamy is inconsistent with biblical Christianity or (ironically) the Book of Mormon itself.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Mormonism and polygamy/Book of Mormon condemns the practice
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| − | |subject=Does the Book of Mormon condemn polygamy?
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| − | |summary=Critics use the Book of Jacob to show that the Book of Mormon condemns the practice of polygamy, and go on to claim that Joseph Smith ignored this restriction by introducing the doctrine of plural marriage.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Mormonism and polygamy/Early Christians on plural marriage
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| − | |subject=Early Christians on plural marriage
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| − | |summary=There is extensive, unequivocal evidence that polygamous relationships were condoned under various circumstances by biblical prophets, despite how uncomfortable this might make a modern Christian. Elder Orson Pratt was widely viewed as the victor in a three-day debate on this very point with Reverend John P. Newman, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate, in 1870.{{ref|newmanpratt1}}
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Polygamists are to go beyond normal "bounds"
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| − | |subject=Claims that polygamists are allowed to go beyond normal "bounds"
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| − | |summary=Is it true that Joseph Smith and Brigham Young admitted that the practice of polygamy meant they were "free to go beyond the normal 'bounds'" and "the normal rules governing social interaction had not applied to" Joseph?
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| − | }}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Critics' claimed motivations for Joseph's implementation of plural marriage===
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| − | | |
| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Lustful motives
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| − | |subject=Did Joseph have "lustful motives" for practicing polygamy?
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| − | |summary=Neutral observers have long understood that this attack is probably the weakest of them all. One might reasonably hold the opinion that Joseph was wrong, but in the face of the documentary evidence it is laughable to argue that he and his associates were insincere or that they were practicing their religion only for power and to satisfy carnal desires. Those who insist that “sex is the answer” reveal more about their own limited perspective than they do of the minds of the early Saints. }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Youthful struggle with unchastity
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| − | |subject=Critical claims that Joseph had a youthful struggle with unchastity
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| − | |summary=Some critics charge that Joseph Smith had youthful struggles with immoral actions. They claim that these are what eventually led him to teach the doctrine of plural marriage.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Polygamy book/Early womanizer
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| − | |subject=Did Joseph Smith have a long history of "womanizing" before practicing plural marriage?
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| − | |summary=Critics charge that Joseph Smith had a long history of "womanizing" before practicing plural marriage. This chapter includes Eliza Winters and Marinda Nancy Johnson.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Sent husbands on missions to steal wives
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| − | |subject=Did Joseph Smith send men on missions in order to "steal" their wives while they were gone?
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| − | |summary=Beginning with LDS dissident [[Polygamy_book/John_C._Bennett|John C. Bennett]], some have charged that Joseph would send men on missions in order to marry their wives. Does this claim match the historical evidence?
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph_Smith/Polygamy/Mismanagement_of_the_Lawrence_estate
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| − | |subject=Claimed mismanagement of the Lawrence estate
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| − | |summary=Joseph Smith was appointed the guardian of two daughters, Maria and Sarah Lawrence, and their inheritance. He later married them in plural marriage. The evidence shows that Joseph Smith faithfully discharged his legal duties, despite the claims made by some nineteeth-century and modern critics.
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| − | }}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Keeping plural marriage a secret===
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| − | | |
| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Hiding the truth
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| − | |subject=Hiding the truth about polygamy
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| − | |summary=It is true that Joseph did not always tell others about plural marriage. He did, however, make some attempt to teach the doctrine to the Saints. It is thus important to realize that the public preaching of polygamy—or announcing it to the general Church membership, thereby informing the public by proxy—was simply not a feasible plan. Critics of Joseph's choice want their audience to ignore the danger to him and the Saints.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Illegal
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| − | |subject=Illegal to practice polygamy?
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| − | |summary=Polygamy was certainly declared illegal during the Utah-era anti-polygamy crusade, and was arguably illegal under the Illinois anti-bigamy statutes. This is hardly new information, and Church members and their critics knew it. Modern members of the Church generally miss the significance of this fact, however: the practice of polygamy was a clear case of civil disobedience.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/"Love letters"
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| − | |subject=Did Joseph write secret "love letters" to any of his polygamous wives?
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| − | |summary=Is it true that on 18 August 1842 Joseph Smith wrote a “love letter” to Sarah Ann Whitney requesting a secret rendezvous or "tryst?" Joseph had been sealed to Sarah Ann three weeks prior to this time. What does this letter actually say?
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| − | }}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Entering into plural marriage===
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| − | | |
| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Marriages to young women
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| − | |subject=Why was Joseph sealed to young women?
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| − | |summary=Critics argue that Joseph Smith's polygamous marriages to young women are evidence that he was immoral, perhaps even a pedophile.}}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Fanny Alger and William McLellin
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| − | |subject=Fanny Alger and William McLellin
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| − | |summary=With a lone exception, there is no account after Joseph’s death of Emma admitting Joseph’s plural marriages in any source. The reported exception is recorded in a newspaper article and two letters written by excommunicated Latter-day Saint apostle William E. McLellin. The former apostle claimed to have visited Emma in 1847 and to have discussed Joseph’s relationship with Fanny Alger. McLellin also reported a tale he had heard about Joseph and Fanny Alger in which they were allegedly observed by Emma together in the barn.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Women locked in a room
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| − | |subject=Women locked in a room
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| − | |summary=Were women locked in a room while Joseph attempted to persuade them?
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Did Joseph Smith coerce women to marry him
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| − | |subject=Did Joseph Smith coerce women to marry him?
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| − | |summary=Some have claimed that Joseph applied significant pressure on women to be married to him.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Did women turn Joseph down
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| − | |subject=Did women turn Joseph down?
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| − | |summary=Some have claimed that significant pressure was put on women to practice plural marriage in Nauvoo. Did any of these women resist or refuse? What were the consequences of doing so?
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| − | }}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Complex plural marriages===
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| − | {{:Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Polyandry}}
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| − | | |
| − | ===How Emma Smith dealt with plural marriage===
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| − | {{:Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Emma Smith}}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Consequences of plural marriage===
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| − | | |
| − | {{:Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Children of polygamous marriages}}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Other issues related to the practice of polygamy===
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| − | | |
| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Sealing brother and sister together
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| − | |subject=Sealing brother and sister together
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| − | |summary=Critics announce that Joseph "sealed" brothers and sisters together, perhaps hoping that readers will conclude that brothers and sisters were thus married and engaging in incestuous relationships.
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| − | }}
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| − | * Divorce issues in 19th century{{:Mormon ordinances/Divorce/Nineteenth century}}
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| − | </onlyinclude>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Videos==
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| − | <videoflash>AciIEmqLUIc</videoflash>
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| − | | |
| − | =={{Endnotes label}}==
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| − | #{{note|penrose1}}{{IE|author=Charles W. Penrose|article=Peculiar Questions Briefly Answered|date=September 1912|vol=15|num=11}}
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| − | #{{note|newmanpratt1}}Orson Pratt and John Philip Newman, “Does the Bible Sanction Polygamy?” ''Deseret News'', 12–14 August 1874.
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| − | #{{note|shaw1}} Bernard Shaw, ''The Future of Political Science in America; an Address by Mr. Bernard Shaw to the Academy of Political Science, at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, on the 11th. April, 1933'' (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1933) as cited in Richard Vetterli, ''Mormonism Americanism and Politics'' (Salt Lake City: Ensign Publishing, 1961), 461–462.
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| − | #{{note|by1}} {{JDfairwiki|author=Brigham Young|title=Plurality of Wives—The Free Agency of Man|date=14 July 1855|vol=3|disc=39|start=266|end=266}}
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| − | #{{note|jt1}} Van Wagoner, ''Mormon Polygamy'', 89.
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| − | {{FurtherReading}}
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| − | {{Articles Footer 1}} {{Articles Footer 2}} {{Articles Footer 3}} {{Articles Footer 4}} {{Articles Footer 5}} {{Articles Footer 6}} {{Articles Footer 7}} {{Articles Footer 8}} {{Articles Footer 9}} {{Articles Footer 10}}
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| − | [[de:Joseph Smith und Polygamie]]
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| | [[es:José Smith/Poligamia]] | | [[es:José Smith/Poligamia]] |
| − | [[fr:Joseph Smith/Polygamy]] | + | [[fi:Joseph Smithin/Moniavioisuus]] |
| | + | [[pt:Joseph Smith/Poligamia]] |
