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| − | <noinclude>{{Articles FAIR copyright}} {{Articles Header 1}} {{Articles Header 2}} {{Articles Header 3}} {{Articles Header 4}} {{Articles Header 5}} {{Articles Header 6}} {{Articles Header 7}} {{Articles Header 8}} {{Articles Header 9}} {{Articles Header 10}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[Joseph Smith and legal issues]] |
| − | {{Resource Title|Joseph Smith: Legal issues}}
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| − | <!-- {{JosephSmithPortal}} -->
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| − | {{summary}}</noinclude>
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| − | | |
| − | == ==
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| − | {{Conclusion label}}
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| − | Concluded one author at a FAIR conference:
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| − | :Joseph Smith was persecuted in courts of law as much as anyone I know. But he was never found guilty of any crime, and his name cannot be tarnished in that way.{{ref|fair1}}
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| − | == ==
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| − | {{PerspectivesBar
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| − | |author=Joseph I. Bentley
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| − | |authorlink=http://new.fairlds.org/perspectives/authors/bentley-joseph
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| − | |authorphoto=BentleyJosephI.jpg
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| − | |title=Legal Trials of the Prophet: Joseph Smith's Life in Court
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| − | |link=http://www.fairlds.org/FAIR_Conferences/2006_Legal_Trials_of_Joseph_Smith.html
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| − | }}
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| − | ==[[Joseph Smith/Legal issues|Joseph Smith legal issues]]==
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| − | == ==
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| − | {{Topics label}}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=One_Nation_Under_Gods/Use_of_sources/Disobey_secular_law
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| − | |subject=D&C 98 teaches Saints to disobey secular law?
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| − | |summary=According to historian D. Michael Quinn, Joseph received a revelation which "established the primacy of religious law over secular law...and not only authorized but commanded Mormons to disobey secular law and civil leaders not conforming to the commandments of God." This interpretation, however, is Quinn's own. The revelation is not telling the Saints to "disobey secular law and civil leaders"—it is telling them to "befriend" the law of the land, and seek to support "honest men and wise men" as leaders.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Legal issues/Trials
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| − | |subject=Joseph Smith and legal trials
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem2
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Legal issues/Trials/1826 glasslooking trial
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| − | |subject=1826 trial for "glasslooking"
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| − | |summary=Joseph Smith was brought to trial in 1826 for "glasslooking." Didn't Hugh Nibley claim that if this trial record existed that it would be "the most damning evidence in existence against Joseph Smith?"
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem3
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| − | |link=Joseph Smith/Legal issues/Trials/1826 glasslooking trial/Con man
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| − | |subject=Was Joseph found guilty of being a "con man"?
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| − | |summary=Critics claim that Joseph was a "con man," and that he was found guilty of being such in a court of law. This refers to the 1826 trial.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Kirtland Safety Society
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| − | |subject=Kirtland Safety Society
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| − | |summary=Critics attack Joseph Smith over the Kirtland Safety Society (KSS) on multiple grounds: 1) they claim the KSS was a "wildcat bank," 2) they claim that the bank was illegal, and that the Church broke the law by founding it, 3) they claim it was a money-making scheme for Joseph, and 4) they claim its failure proves Joseph was not a prophet
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem2
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| − | |link=Kirtland Safety Society/False charges against Warren Parrish
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| − | |subject=False charges against Warren Parrish?
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| − | |summary=Critics claim that Joseph Smith lied about Warren Parrish, falsely charging him with financial misconduct, and trying to shift the blame. An examination of surviving Kirtland Safety Society notes provides concrete evidence for Joseph's charge.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem2
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| − | |link=Kirtland Safety Society/Boxes_filled_with_sand
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| − | |subject=Money boxes filled with sand?
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| − | |summary=Critics claim that Joseph Smith misled investors in the Kirtland Safety Society by collecting boxes full of sand with money placed on top, in order to make it appear that the bank had more hard money than it did.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem2
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| − | |link=Kirtland Safety Society/Good as gold
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| − | |subject=Notes from KSS to be "as good as gold"?
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| − | |summary=Critics make light of Joseph Smith's claim that Kirtland Safety Society notes would be "as good as gold."
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Nauvoo city charter
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| − | |subject=Nauvoo city charter
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| − | |summary=What was unique about the city of Nauvoo's charter? Why did it anger some non-Mormons?
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem2
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| − | |link=Nauvoo_city_charter/habeas_corpus
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| − | |subject=Habeas corpus
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| − | |summary=This writ is a judicial order “to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that person is imprisoned lawfully and whether or not he should be released from custody.” Thus, one obtains such a writ so that a local judge can rule on whether or not an arrest warrant is legal or appropriate. The purpose of habeas corpus is to prevent prisoners from being transported long distances on insufficient charges, or held for long periods without trial.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem2
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| − | |link=Nauvoo_city_charter/Usurpation_of_power
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| − | |subject=Usurpation of power?
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| − | |summary=Critics charge that the Mormon's use of the Nauvoo city charter to invalidate writs from other jurisdictions was improper. Carlin, the governor of Illinois at the time, characterized it as an "extraordinary assumption of power….most absurd and ridiculous…[a] gross usurpation of power that cannot be tolerated."
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem
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| − | |link=Nauvoo Expositor
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| − | |subject=Nauvoo Expositor
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| − | |summary=Did Joseph violate the law by ordering the ''Nauvoo Expositor'' destroyed? Critics claim that Joseph "could not allow the Expositor to publish the secret international negotiations masterminded by Mormonism’s earthly king."
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| − | }}
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| − | {{SummaryItem2
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| − | |link=Primary_sources/Nauvoo_Expositor_Full_Text
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| − | |subject=Nauvoo Expositor Full Text
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| − | |summary=The Nauvoo Expositor had a single issue published. The events surrounding its publication lead to the martyrdom. The full text is provided for study.
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| − | }}<noinclude>
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| − | == ==
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| − | {{Response label}}
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| − | Entire books have been written on the legal history of the Church in its early days. (See ''Further Reading'' below.) Some specific legal issues are considered in separate wiki articles:
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| − | ===Introduction===
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| − | Wrote a leading scholar of Joseph's legal history:
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| − | :Joseph Smith believed that his enemies perverted legal processes, using them as tools of religious persecution against him, as they had been used against many of Christ's apostles and other past martyrs. Although he often gained quick acquittals, numerous "vexatious and wicked" lawsuits consumed his time and assets, leading to several incarcerations and ultimately to his martyrdom. Beginning soon after his ministry began and continuing throughout his life, Joseph Smith was subjected to approximately thirty criminal actions and at least that many civil suits related to debt collection or failed financial ventures.{{ref|eom1}}
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| − | ===Ohio===
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| − | :After the Church moved to Kirtland, Ohio, in 1831, several religious-based charges were prosecuted against Smith and other LDS leaders, but were dismissed on the grounds listed following each charge: assault and battery (self-defense), performing marriages without a valid license (one was procured), attempted murder or conspiracy (lack of evidence), and involuntary servitude without compensation during the Zion's Camp military crusade to Missouri (won on appeal). In turn, Church leaders successfully instituted charges and recovered damages for assaults occurring while they were acting in a religious capacity. However, the financial Panic of 1837 swamped the Prophet and others with civil debt-collection litigation. Worse still were suits for violating Ohio banking laws when the [[Kirtland Safety Society]] Anti-Banking Company (see Kirtland Economy) failed soon after it was organized in 1836 without a state charter. Charges of fraud and self-enrichment were raised but not proven; a jury conviction was appealed, but Joseph Smith left Ohio for Missouri before it was heard.{{ref|eom2}}
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| − | ===Missouri===
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| − | :In Missouri, most actions against the Latter-day Saints were extralegal, brought by non-Mormon vigilantes prejudiced against the Saints' opposition to slavery, their collective influx, and Smith's religious teachings concerning modern revelation and the territorial establishment of Zion in Jackson County. Civil magistrates routinely refused to issue peace warrants for Mormons or to redress their personal injuries or property damage. For example, despite being beaten and tarred and feathered and having the printing office destroyed, the LDS printer was awarded less than his legal fees and the Presiding Bishop received "one penny and a peppercorn." All three branches of state government seemed paralyzed or supportive of mob action, as the Saints were repeatedly dispossessed and expelled from county to county.{{ref|eom3}}
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| − | ===Illinois===
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| − | :In 1838-1839 the Saints settled in Nauvoo, Illinois, after their wrongful expulsion from Missouri. To avoid the "legal" persecutions suffered in earlier states, they obtained a liberal [[Nauvoo city charter]] for Nauvoo, which granted broad habeas corpus powers to local courts. These helped to free Joseph Smith and other Latter-day Saints when they were sought on writs by arresting officers from outside of Nauvoo. In 1841 state judge Stephen A. Douglas set aside a Missouri writ to extradite Joseph for charges still pending there, and in 1843 a federal judge did the same for a similar requisition after the alleged shooting of then ex-governor Boggs. However, the increasing use of the writ of habeas corpus by Nauvoo magistrates, preempting even state and federal authority, escalated distrust among non-Mormons who felt that Joseph Smith considered himself above the law.{{ref|eom4}}
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| − | =={{Endnotes label}}==
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| − | #{{note|eom1}}{{EoM|author=Joseph I. Bentley|article=Legal Trials of Joseph Smith|vol=3|start=1346|end=1347}}{{link|url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/people/joseph_smith/legal_trials.html}}
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| − | #{{note|eom2}}{{EoM|author=Joseph I. Bentley|article=Legal Trials of Joseph Smith|vol=3|start=1346|end=1347}}{{link|url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/people/joseph_smith/legal_trials.html}}
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| − | #{{note|eom3}}{{EoM|author=Joseph I. Bentley|article=Legal Trials of Joseph Smith|vol=3|start=1346|end=1347}}{{link|url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/people/joseph_smith/legal_trials.html}}
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| − | #{{note|eom4}}{{EoM|author=Joseph I. Bentley|article=Legal Trials of Joseph Smith|vol=3|start=1346|end=1347}}{{link|url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/people/joseph_smith/legal_trials.html}}
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| − | #{{note|fair1}} Joseph I. Bentley, "Legal Trials of the Prophet: Joseph Smith's Life in Court" (2006 FAIR Conference presentation) {{fairlink|url=http://www.fairlds.org/FAIR_Conferences/2006_Legal_Trials_of_Joseph_Smith.html}}{{NB}}
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| − | {{FurtherReading}}
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| − | [[de:Joseph Smith und Gerichtsverfahren]]
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| − | {{Articles Footer 1}} {{Articles Footer 2}} {{Articles Footer 3}} {{Articles Footer 4}} {{Articles Footer 5}} {{Articles Footer 6}} {{Articles Footer 7}} {{Articles Footer 8}} {{Articles Footer 9}} {{Articles Footer 10}}</noinclude>
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| − | [[fr:Joseph Smith/Legal trials]]
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| − | [[Category:Joseph Smith]]
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| − | [[Category:Legal]]
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