View source for Mormonism and Wikipedia/Joseph Smith, Jr./Early years/051909

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{{FAIRAnalysisWikipedia
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|uplink=[[../|Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
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=An analysis of Wikipedia article "Joseph Smith, Jr." (Version 19 May 2009)=
== Life ==
=== Early years ===
{{BeginWikipediaTable|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.|section=Early years|article=Joseph Smith, Jr.}}
=====1A=====
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Joseph Smith, Jr. was born on December 23, 1805, in Sharon, Vermont to Joseph and Lucy Mack Smith, a poor farm family. In Joseph's early teen years, they moved to western New York—a region of intense religious activity during the Second Great Awakening—where they continued to farm just outside the town of Palmyra.  Although Smith never joined a church during his youth, he did read the Bible and was also influenced by the folk religion of that time and place.
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*http://scriptures.lds.org/en/js_h/1/5 Joseph Smith—History 1
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*{{WikipediaCITE|editor=COGDEN|wikipedialink=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Smith,_Jr.&diff=136146859&oldid=136138266}}The statement that Joseph was "influenced by the folk religion of that time and place" is not supported by the citation given.
{{EndTable}}

====First Vision====
{{BeginWikipediaTable|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.|section=First Vision|article=Joseph Smith, Jr.}}
=====2A=====
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As he later recorded the experience, Smith said that as a fourteen-year-old in 1820 he had received a theophany, an appearance of God to man, an event that Latter Day Saints commonly call the First Vision.

Smith said that he had been concerned about what religious denomination to join and prayed in a nearby woods (now called the Sacred Grove). There he had a vision in which he saw God the Father and his Son, Jesus Christ, as two separate, glorious, resurrected beings of flesh and bone.  They told him that no contemporary church was correct in its teachings and that he should join none of them.

Smith recorded several different accounts of this experience,
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*Richard L. Bushman, ''Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism'' (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 39-40.  Early accounts of the First Vision, including one handwritten by Joseph Smith himself, do not mention the appearance of the Father and the Son but refer to an angel, a spirit, many angels, or the Son.  The account identifying the angelic visitors as the Father and the Son did not appear until 1838.
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*See: [[First Vision]]
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=====2B=====
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and the version of the First Vision later canonized by the LDS Church was not publicly revealed until 1842.
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*March 1, 1842, Times and Seasons, in the Wentworth Letter. The story of the vision was incorporated with some changes into Joseph Smith's History of the Church, 1:15-20 [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/js_h/1 Joseph Smith—History] 
*According to Smith he reported his vision to a local minister, who he said pronounced it "of the devil" because "there were no such things as visions or revelations in these days; that all such things had ceased with the apostles, and there would never be any more of them." Joseph Smith - History 1:20-25. 
*Although Smith said he was persecuted by his neighbors for claiming that he had had this vision, there is no surviving documentation of the persecution. Fawn Brodie scoffed that "the Palmyra newspapers, which in later years gave him plenty of unpleasant publicity, took no notice of Joseph's vision at the time it was supposed to have occurred." Brodie, 23. 
*Richard Bushman says that Smith "probably exaggerated the reaction." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=43}}. 
*David Persuitte noted that, though Smith said later that he had told his family of the vision shortly after it occurred, there is evidence that the family was not told about the vision until much later. He also noted that there was no published evidence nor "mention of it in any of the writings of any of the church members of the time." David Persuitte, ''Joseph Smith and the Origins of the Book of Mormon '', 2nd ed. (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2000), 20-32. 
*Even Richard Bushman says that "most early converts probably never heard about the 1820 vision." Bushman, ''Rough Stone Rolling'', 39.
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*The wiki editors are trying to include much of the "First Vision" article in the footnotes of this article.
*See: [[First Vision]]
{{EndTable}}

====Golden plates====
{{BeginWikipediaTable|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.|section=Golden plates|article=Joseph Smith, Jr.}}
=====3A=====
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Meanwhile Smith participated in a "craze for treasure hunting."
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*The treasure-seeking culture in early 19th century [[New England]] is described in {{Harvtxt|Quinn|1998|pp=25–26}}. 
*As Richard Bushman writes, "The Smiths were as susceptible as their neighbors to treasure-seeking folklore.  In addition to rod and stone divining, the Smiths probably believed in the rudimentary astrology found in the ubiquitous almanacs. Magical parchments handed down in the Hyrum Smith family may have originally belonged to Joseph Sr.  The visit of the angel and the discovery of the gold plates would have confirmed the belief in supernatural power.  For people in a magical frame of mind, Moroni sounded like one of the the spirits who stood guard over treasure in the tales of treasure-seeking." Bushman, ''Rough Stone Rolling'', 50. 
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*See: [[Joseph Smith and money digging]]
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=====3B=====
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Beginning as a youth in the early 1820s, Smith was paid to act as a "seer," using seer stones in mostly unsuccessful attempts to locate lost items and buried treasure.
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*For a detailed look at Smith's money digging activities, see Persuitte: 33-53. In May 1838, Smith admitted that he was what was called a "money digger", but said that it "was never a very profitable job to him, as he only got fourteen dollars a month for it". Joseph Smith, "Answers to Questions," ''Elders Journal'' (Kirtland, Ohio) 1 (July 1838): 42-43 in ''EMD'', 1: 52-53.  
*Erie Canal workers made  eight to twelve dollars a month. ''EMD'', 1: 53, n. 2.  
*The use of such stones for treasure hunting was common in Joseph Smith's New York.  In 1825, the Palmyra newspaper reprinted a story about the discovery of a treasure in Orleans County "by the help of a ''mineral stone'', which becomes transparent when placed in a hat and the light excluded by the face of him who looks into it." "Wonderful Discovery," ''Wayne Sentinel'', December 27, 1825, in Quinn, 173
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*See: [[Joseph Smith and seer stones]]
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=====3C=====
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Smith's contemporaries describe Smith's procedure for using seer stones to hunt for treasure as placing the stone in a white stovepipe hat, putting his face over the hat to block the light, and then "seeing" the information in the reflections of the stone.
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*{{Harvtxt|Harris|1833|pp=253-54}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Hale|1834|p=265}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Clark|1842|p=225}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Turner|1851|p=216}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Harris|1859|p=164}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Tucker|1867|pp=20–21}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Lapham|1870|p=305}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Lewis|Lewis|1879|p=1}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Mather|1880|p=199}}. 
*Martin Harris said that Smith had found a lost pin by putting his seer stone in his hat, "the old white hat—and placed his face in his hat....I know he did not look out of the hat until after he had picked up the pin." Harris interview with Joel Tiffany, 1859 in ''EMD'', 2:303. 
*A skeptical contemporary, Pomeroy Tucker, recalled Smith searching for gold and silver buried in the earth: "These discoveries finally became too dazzling for his eyes in daylight, and he had to shade his vision by looking at the stone in his hat!" Pomeroy Tucker, ''Origin, Rise, and Progress of Mormonism'' (New York: D. Appleton and Co. 1867), 19-20, in ''EMD'', 3:96.  
*Michael Morse, Smith's brother-in-law, stated that he had watched Smith translate the Book of Mormon on several occasions: "The mode of procedure consisted in Joseph's placing the Seer Stone in the crown of a hat, then putting his face into the hat, so as to entirely cover his face." Richard S. Van Wagoner and Steven C. Walker, "Joseph Smith: 'The Gift of Seeing,'" ''Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought'' 15 (Summer 1982): 50-53. 
*Smith's wife Emma stated that she took dictation from her husband as she sat next to him, and that he would put his face into a hat with the stone in it, dictating for hours at a time.{{Harv|Smith|1879|pp=536-40}}.  
*Peterson (2005, ''FARMS review'', 17:2, accessed online Feb 21, 2009, [http://mi.byu.edu/publications/review/?vol=17&num=2&id=582]) argues that having his face buried in a hat, as witnesses attest, "would also have made it effectively impossible for him to read from a manuscript placed somehow at the bottom of the darkened hat."
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*See: [[Joseph Smith and seer stones]]
*See: [[Book of Mormon translation method]]
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=====3D=====
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His preferred stone, which some said he also used later to translate the golden plates, was chocolate-colored and about the size of an egg, found in a deep well he helped dig for one of his neighbors.
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*{{Harvtxt|Harris|1859|p=163}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Lapham|1870|pp=305–306}}. 
*The stone was found in either 1819 ({{Harvnb|Tucker|1867|pp=19–20}} {{Harvnb|Bennett|1893}}) or 1822 {{Harv|Chase|1833|p=240}}. 
*Assistant church historian B. H. Roberts referred to this stone as "a chocolate-colored, somewhat egg-shaped stone which the Prophet found while digging a well in company with his brother Hyrum, for a Mr. Clark Chase, near Palmyra, N. Y.  It possessed the qualities of Urim and Thummim, since by means of it—as described above,—as well as by means of the Interpreters found with the Nephite record, Joseph was able to translate the characters engraven on the plates." B. H. Roberts, ''A Comprehensive History of the Church'' (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1930), 1:129.
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=====3E=====
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During this period Smith said he experienced a visitation from an angel named Moroni
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*Joseph Smith - History 1:50
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*{{WikipediaCorrect}}
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=====3F=====
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who directed him to a long-buried book, inscribed on golden plates, which contained a record of God's dealings with ancient Israelite inhabitants of the Americas. This record, along with other artifacts (including a breastplate and what Smith referred to as the Urim and Thummim), was buried in a hill near his home. On September 22, 1827, Smith said that after four years of waiting and preparation, the angel allowed him to take possession of the plates and other artifacts. Almost immediately thereafter local people tried to discover where the plates were hidden.
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*Joseph Smith - History 1:59-60
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*{{WikipediaCorrect}}
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=====3G=====
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Smith left his family farm in October 1825 and was hired by Josiah Stowel, of nearby Chenango county, to search for a Spanish silver mine by gazing at his seer stone.
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*[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/js_h/1/56 Joseph Smith—History 1]; Bushman, 48. According to Lucy Mack Smith, Stowel enlisted Joseph "on account of having heard that he possessed certain keys by which he could discern things invisible to the natural eye."
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*See: [[Joseph Smith and seer stones]]
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=====3H=====
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In March 1826, as a result of his using his seer stone to search for the silver mine, Smith was charged with being a "disorderly person and an impostor" by a court in nearby Bainbridge.
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*{{Harvtxt|Hitchens|2007|pp=161}}; Morgan, D: "Dale Morgan on Early Mormonism: Correspondence and a New History", Appendix A. Signature Books, 1986; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=70}}; 
*{{Harvtxt|Hill|1976|pp=223-233}}; Roberts, A. ''Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints'', Vol. 1, 211.  
*The following writers cited differing charges against Smith in Bainbridge: Benton (1831): 'a disorderly person'; Cowdery (1835): 'a disorderly person'; Noble (1842): 'under the Vagrant act'; Marshall (1873): 'a disorderly person and an imposter'; Purple (1877): 'a vagrant, without visible means of livelihood'; Tuttle (1882): 'a disorderly person and an imposter'; Judge Neely: 'a misdemeanor'. 2. list of writers' citing differing verdict against Smith in Bainbridge: Benton: 'tried and condemned'...'designedly allowed to escape'; Cowdery: 'honorably acquitted'; Noble: 'was condemned, took leg bail'; Marshall: 'guilty?'; Tuttle: 'guilty?'; Purple: 'discharged'; Constable De Zeng: 'not a trial'. 
*Persuitte, 40-53, provides a detailed look at the court proceedings and provides evidence that it was actually "a pre-trial "examination" to determine if a trial should take place. He also concludes that Smith was "designedly allowed to escape," with the understanding that he leave the county and not come back.
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*See: [[Joseph Smith's 1826 glasslooking trial]]
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=====3I=====
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Smith also met Emma Hale during this period and married her on January 18, 1827. Emma eventually gave birth to seven children, three of whom died shortly after birth. The Smiths also adopted twins.
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*The children who died were Alvin, who lived only a few hours (June 15, 1828), and twins, Thaddeus and Louisa,(April 30, 1831).  The Smiths adopted twins, Joseph and Julia, the children of Julia Clapp Murdock and John Murdock after Julia Clapp Murdock died in childbirth shortly after Emma lost her own twins. Joseph and Emma Smith had four sons who lived to maturity: Joseph Smith III (November 6, 1832), Frederick Granger Williams Smith (June 29, 1836), Alexander Hale Smith (June 2, 1838), and David Hyrum Smith November 17, 1844, born after Joseph's death.
*Although it seems unlikely that Joseph Smith would not have any children by his polygamous wives, DNA testing has so far not proved a relationship to likely candidates. {{ cite article | title =  Research focuses on Smith family | date = 2005-05-28 | work = Deseret News | url = http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,600137517,00.html }}; 
*{{ cite article | title = DNA tests rule out 2 as Smith descendants: Scientific advances prove no genetic link | date = 2007-11-10 | work = Deseret News | url = http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695226318,00.html }};
*{{cite journal
 | last = Perego
 | first = Ugo A.
 | last2 = Myers
 | first2 = Natalie M.
 | last3 = Woodward
 | first3 = Scott R.
 | title = Reconstructing the Y-Chromosome of Joseph Smith, Jr.: Genealogical Applications
 | journal = Journal of Mormon History
 | volume = 32
 | number = 2
 | date = Summer 2005
 | url = http://mha.wservers.com/pubs/TOC/05_July_Journal_TOC.pdf
|format=PDF}} (See Children of Joseph Smith, Jr.)
||
*{{WikipediaCITE}}The weasel phrase "DNA testing so far has not proven" leads the reader to believe that nothing has yet been proven. In fact, reading just the ''titles'' of the cited sources shows that research has ''disproven'' some of the likely candidates.
*See: [[Joseph Smith and polygamy/Children of polygamous marriages]]

{{EndTable}}

==References==
{{WikipediaRefList:Joseph Smith, Jr.}}

=={{Further reading label}}==
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